1. Time-course of effect of aldosterone (2μg/kg, s.c.) on kidney, liver and blood carbonic anhydrase activity and kidney microsomal ATPase activity from adrenalectomized mice was examined until 16 hr after injection. Elevation of kidney carbonic anhydrase activity appeared at about 1.5 hr after hormone administration and its maximum was observed 4 hr later with a gradual return to initial levels thereafter. Activity of liver carbonic anhydrase showed a conversed behaviour compared with that of kidney carbonic anhydrase. Blood carbonic anhydrase and ATPase activities were not affected by aldosterone.
2. Decrease of urinary excretion of ²²Na by aldosterone (0.5-20μg/kg) appeared at 2 hr after hormone injection and continued until 4 hr later without significant changes thereafter.
3. Acetazolamide (20mg/kg, i.p.) inhibited the kidney carbonic anhydrase activity and increased the urinary excretion of ²²Na and the maximum effect was observed at about 3-4 hr after the injection of acetazolamide.
4. These results suggest the following inference that a part of the inhibitory effect of aldosterone on urinary excretion of sodium may be mediated by the activation of kidney carbonic anhydrase.

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RNA synthesis, carbonic anhydrase and ATPase activities in the kidney and urinary excretion of sodium after the administration of aldosterone and actinomycin D to adrenalectomized mice were examined to clarify the physiological significance of above enzymes in “induction hypothesis of aldosterone” with the following results.
1. Stimulatory effect of aldosterone (2 μg/kg, s. c.) on kidney RNA synthesis, especially on nuclear RNA, was blocked by the pretreatment with actinomycin D (300 μg/kg, i. p.).
2. Elevation of kidney carbonic anhydrase activity and depression of urinary excretion of ²²Na induced by aldosterone alone were blocked by the combined administration of actinomycin D.
3. Administration of actinomycin D alone to adrenalectomized mice had no effect on both kidney carbonic anhyrase activity and urinary excretion of ²²Na.
4. Kidney microsomal ATPase activity was unaltered by aldosterone and actinomycin D, alone or in combination.
In conclusion, above results seem to suggest the important role of carbonic anhydrase as a mediator of action of aldosterone on the depression of urinary excretion of sodium in adrenalectomized mice.

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By use of a frog nerve and ENM (electric nerve model) the potential changes were recorded in the following cases. 1. During and after application of anodic current of different intensity and of different duration, in which the excitation occurred or not. 2. During and after application of anodic current, which was too strong to elicit excitation after the break of the current. 3. During application of anodic current and after the partial break of the current, in which excitation occurred or not after the partial break of the current. 4. During application of anodic current which decreased exponentially, in which excitation occurred or not.
The course of potential change on the nerve and ENM in each of the corresponding cases were almost the same, thus ENM was ascertained to be exactly the equivalent circuit of the nerve fiber. Therefore the mechanism of excitation by the break of anodic current of ENM in the following would be helpful in elucidation of that on the nerve.
Discharging current of the condenser Cm in ENM, which was overcharged by anodic current, flowing from the gate to the cathode of the thyristor increased the potential difference between them. If the potential difference was elevated above the critical level (firing level), then the excitation occurred.

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The insulin release induced by arginine was studied in mormal subjects and hyperthyroid patients. Arginine hydrochloride (0.5g/kg) dissolved in 200ml of physiological saline was administered by intravenous infusion from a cubital vein over 30 minutes to normal subjects and hyperthyroid patients after overnight fasting. Blood samples were taken before and 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after the start of the infusion. 2-deoxy-D-glucose (50 mg/kg) was administered over 45 minutes to normal subjects, and after 15 minutes of the start of its infusion, arginine was administered over 30 minutes. Plasma insulin was determined by the double antibody radioimmunoassay and the blood glucose was determined by autoanalyzer. The biphasic insulin release by arginine infusion was observed in normal subjects. The ΔIRI of the first peak at 4 minutes was 23.6±7.4μU/ml, and the second peak at 30 minutes was 40.9± 10.6μU/ml. Whereas, the monophasic insulin release by arginine infusion was observed in hyperthyroid patients.The ΔIRI of the first peak at 2 minutes was 13.6±2.71μU/ml, but the second peak was very low. The correlation coefficient between ΔIRI and ΔBS was-0.08 (not significant) in the first phase of insulin release and 0.72 (p<0.01) in the second phase of insulin release. This suggests that the second phase of insulin release is influenced by elevated blood glucose by arginine infusion. The correlation coefficient between ΔIRI and RSU was 0.22 (not significant) in the first phase of insulin release and -0.71 (p<0.01) in the second phase of insulin release. The ΔIRI of the first peak of arginine infusion was not reduced following 2-deoxy-D-glucose as compared to control studies, but the second peak was significantly (p<0.05) reduced from 47.3±7.7μU/ml to 21.8±4.6 μU /ml. We observed the differrent character of the first and the second phases of insulin release at correlation between ΔIRI and ΔBS, ΔIRI and RSU, and at the effect of 2-deoxy-D-glucose. We concluded that the first and the second phases of insulin release by arginine infusion seem to occur from the different mechanisms of insulin release.

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Change in respiratory function with aging was studied, as in the first report, on the basis of measurements of Wright's peak flow rate (PFR) and 3Hz respiratory impedance (RR), which were obtained in mass health examination of rural inhabitants in local community in Gunma Prefecture.
The main findings were as follows :
1) Fall in PFR and rise in RR with aging took place later than in the case of FVC and FEV_1.0.
2) As for change with age in coefficients of variation, PFR and RR became larger with aging, and it can be considered to be characteristic of the old that as in the case of FVC and FEV_1.0, the individual variation between the old-aged becames greater.
3) In the 30-44 year group, the incidence of low PFR was found significantly higher among those of higher blood pressure (p<0.01). This tendency was not revealed in the older age groups.
4) No findings indicated any correlation of RR either with systolic or with diastolic blood pressure.
5) RR was found significantly correlated at a moderate degree with each of FVC, FEV_1.0 and PFR (p<0.01). The correlation with PFR was best in both males and females.

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Previous reports of histological investigation of radiation-induced heart injury in human are limited. It is important to identify radiation-induced heart injury and must be differentiated from other heart disease. Histological attempt was made to clarify heart injury following irradiation in this paper. The interval between irradiation and the time of demonstrable histological changes was investigated.
The study material is consist of eighty-three autopsies. Major primary neoplasms were breast cancer, lung cancer and mediastinal tumor. In 43 out 83 autopsies, the heart was irradiated and in others, the heart was not irradiated.
Also sixty-eight dd-strain mice were used for microautoradiographic study. The results were as follows :
1) Histological changes of the heart was obserbed in 27 of 43 cases received irradiation.
2) The limit of tolerance dose of the heart indicating histological changes was 1220 ret in human.
3) The latent period without histological changes was 2.7 months after onset of radiation therapy.
4) Judging from the uptake of³H-TdR cardiac proliferative cells in mice, the latent period was shorter than one investigated microscopically.
5) Heart injury following re-irradiation for the recurrence, or following combination therapy of radiation and chemotherapy, especially MMC, was observed more intensively.
6) In 5 of 15 cases which were treated with MMC alone, the histological findings were similar to the radiation-induced heart injury, since MMC is radiomimetic substance.
7) Although some investigators believed that radiation injury to the heart muscle is direct, in our study it seems that damage is secondary to radiation-induced changes of the vasculoconnective tissue.
8) In our study, only one who received four courses of radiation therapy died of radiation-induced heart injury. Even in this case, the tumor was not present in the heart or any other place at autopsy. But this might not occur if radiation therapy is planed well initially.

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There may be different time-dose schedules which will favor different tumors in addition to differences between normal tissues and neoplasms that could lead to more favorable therapeutic ratio. In seeking optimum fractionation schedules, it is equally important to understand normal tissue reactions as tumor reactions. In our previous experiments, the best cure rate of spontaneous mammary cancer in C3H mice was obtained by 2 fractions per week. Thus to the patients irradiation was performed twice a week with 600 rad per fraction for 2 to 4 consecutive weeks.
From January 1970 to December 1974, 67 separate courses of electron beam therapy were given to 35 out of 219 patients referred to the radiology department with breast cancer. These 35 patients were presented with chest wall recurrence of primary carcinoma of the breast which was initially treated by surgery. Prophylactic radiation was given to the chest wall in 26 patients after mastectomy.
The results of electron beam therapy were summarized as follow :
1. In 59 out of 67 treated lesions, the tumors were disappeared completely and only in 2, the lesion was unchanged. In remainder, the tumor was diminished in size.
2. The chest wall recurrence was designated as “disseminated type” and “localized type”. In the former type, the tumor was disappeared in 100%, whereas the latter only in 50%. If the tumor exceeds 4cm in diameter, the effect of radiation was especially poor.
3. As for the radiation effect on various histological types of the “localized type” tumor, papillotubular carcinoma was completely disappeared in all 3 lesions, whereas scirrhous carcinoma was not completely disappeared at any of the 5 lesions. Medullary tubular carcinoma was completely disappeared in 5 of 8 lesions, resulting in intermediate radiation effect between papillotubular and medullary tubular carcinoma.
4. Chest wall recurrence among lesions given prophylactic radiation therapy following mastectomy was obserbed in 4 patients. In spite of unfavorable tumor bed for radiation therapy in these 4 patients, all the tumor were completely disappeared by the electron beam therapy.
5. Age and local control ratio : In age group 40-59 year-old, the tumor was disappeared in 98%, 73% in 20-39 and 69% in 60-79 age group.
6. Erosion of the skin as the side effect observed in 60% of all treated lesions. In the patients who were irradiated with 4, 5, 6, 7 or more fractions, skin erosion was observed in 12%, 56%, 72% and 100% respectively. The larger the size of field irradiated, the higher the incidence of erosion.
7. Radiation pneumopathy was present in 15%. The incidence in this series was lower than the one treated with ⁶⁰Co γ-rays and conventional X-rays. The use of an adequate absorber could further decrease the incidence of pneumopathy.
8. In this method, the total dose of 3000 rad seems to be sufficient as a cancerocidal dose for the “disseminated type”. For some of the “localized type” surgical treatment might be suitable.

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1. Pretransplantation irradiation with a dose of 500R delivered locally to the right thigh before the intra-muscular inoculation of a tumor cell supension delayed the growth of Yoshida sarcoma in Wistar strain rat.
The degree of delay of the tumor growth measured on the sixth day and ninth day after inoculation were 38 % and 50 % of the tumor weight in the unirradiated control group, respectively.
The mechanism of this action might be considered that an increase in capillary permeability and exsudation of inflammatory cells in the irradiated normal tissue inhibit the lodging of the transplanted tumor cells.
2. The growth inhibition of the tumor irradiated with 500R immediatly after inoculation were higher than summation of the tumor bed effect and direct cytocidal effect.
This mechanism might be due to a disturbance of the repair of sublethal damage and/or potentially lethal damage in the irradiated tumor cells.

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The optimization of radiotherapy should mean maximizing the probability of destroying the tumor tissue and minimizing the probability of harming the normal tissue.
If the patient involved both the superficial-and deep-seated tumor is treated with a single-field of high energy X-ray beams (10 MV X-rays or more), the superficial-seated tumor will be received a smaller dose due to the build-up effect. And if the patient is irradiated with two opposed fields, the doses of all the normal and tumor tissue between the two fields will be just the same.
As treatment planning for these patients, we studied to use two opposed fields with different dose-ratio and different MV's of high energy X-rays.
Thirty isodose charts were drawn. Type and energy of radiation :
Linac 6MV and 12MV X-rays. Source-surface distance : 100cm
Field size : 15x15cm²
Field separation : 20cm
Dose-ratio : 1 : 1, 1.5 : 1, 2 : 1, 2.5 : 1, 3 : 1 Phantom : Mix Dp. 30x30x20cm³
It is hoped that the charts will be useful both for references in treatment planning and practice.

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An anti-A agglutinin has been found in an seed extract of Falcata japonica. In titration of the extract the A₁ cells are more strongly agglutinated than the A₂ cells. Five hundred O and B red cell samples including OWk+ are not agglutinated with Falcata extract. The extract agglutinates much more strongly with papain treated A red cells, and papain treated O and B red cells come to be agglutinated with the extracts. Absorption with papain treated O red cells leaves an anti-A agglutinin reacts with papain treated A red cells. The agglutination reactions of extract of Falcata japonica with untreated A, papain treated A and O red cells are specifically inhibited by A secretor saliva. As simple sugars, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine is a potent inhibitor of the reactions.

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A case of the midgut volvulus with malrotation in one-day-old boy was presented. He started to vomit from the night of the birth day.
Scout film on admission showed air in the stomach and the upper jejunum which localized in the upper abdomen and scanty air beyond (Fig. 1).
Gastrografin enema showed almost normal calibered transverse colon which made a sharp angle turn (hair pin turn) at the right side of the vertebral column and ended at the left of the vertebra, manifesting bird's beak like tapering.
Laparotomy disclosed the midgut excluding the upper jejunum had rotated around the superior mesenteric artery in a clockwise direction about 270 degrees.
The voluvulus was reduced and the cecum was transferred to the left lower quadrant of the abdomen. The postoperative course was complicated with severe jaundice and wound infection, but he recovered and was discharged on 29th p.o.day.

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