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Volume 1963 (1963)
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- Issue 21 Pages 1-
Volume 1963, Issue 21
Displaying 1-13 of 13 articles from this issue
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Studies in the Communitist SystemR. Harako1963 Volume 1963 Issue 21 Pages 1-14,L3
Published: April 25, 1963
Released on J-STAGE: September 01, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSKhrushchev's administration declared a new line in domestic and foreign policies based on anti-Stalinism. It is peaceful co-existence and peaceful economic competition in the diplomatic field, and construction of a communist society by betterment of national welfare in the domestic area.
He advocated compromise of both sides, East and West, and resolution of conflicts by negotiation as important factors of peaceful co-existence. But, as a prerequisite to it, he gives great weight to the maximum strengthening of Soviet military forces for avoiding war. Thus he tries to solve problems between both blocs in his advantage by power diplomacy. But Khrushchev's approach to co-existence has not solved the cold war, nor reduced the tension between the two blocs, nor weakned the two their mutual distrust. Power diplomacy, which is the antithesis of peaceful co-existence, is the main obstacle to the agreement against nuclear test, and is the basis of the obstinate attitude of the Soviet Union against international investigation.
Though he advocates peaceful co-existence, he also promotes development of revolutional struggles by all possible means within the safe limits of avoiding war. This policy results in the continuous collapse of peaceful co-existence among nations and the negation of all conditions for peace.
Such diplomacy which is based on continuous strengthening of the armed forces, gives serious effects on its domestic policy and results in heavy burden on people's life. But some policies of the Khrushchev administration such as the developing process to managerize activists of the party and the attempt to introduce renaissance into the party seem to be giving some favourable effects on people's life and on pluralization of the Soviet society. Nevertheless, the administration still adheres to such policies as to control everything by the party, to confine the anti-Stalinist drive to the limits from above and to surpress people's desire for liberalization. These Khrushchev's domestic and foreign policies show its transitional characteristics and they are to be changed and developed somehow. But this change does not seem to be made in near future.View full abstractDownload PDF (1889K) -
Studies in the Communitist SystemK. Kiga1963 Volume 1963 Issue 21 Pages 15-24,L3
Published: April 25, 1963
Released on J-STAGE: September 01, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe Soviet economy is now confronted with the task of amelioration. Rapid economic development has been hitherto aimed at enlargement in quantity. Industrialization, especially injection the great amount of funds and labor forces into the sector of production goods, has been the characteristic of that development policy.
However, as the importance of industry in the national economy has been increased and industry itself has been variegated, it has become necessary to combine and combine and to adjust demand and supply in each sector of industrial production, and at the same time to evaluate and develop efficiency of invested funds in each sector.
Reform of the industrial controlling organization and argument of profitability which were presented by Khrushchev at the plenum of the Central Committee had this back ground.
Adjustment of demand and supply among enterprises is very inefficient under the present system of planned economy. Each enterprise is inclined to keep a large amount of reserve and to incorporate other relating enterprises for their self-preservation. Waste of funds is largely caused by this reason. And method of the planned production makes it difficult to measure the efficiency of the production by the profit rate. Therefore, the method of the planned production should be completely changed in order to encourage independency of the enterprise. The reform of the planning system is not to be achieved in a day but seems to be gradually moved toward this direction.View full abstractDownload PDF (1452K) -
Studies in the Communitist SystemT. Ikegami1963 Volume 1963 Issue 21 Pages 25-39,L4
Published: April 25, 1963
Released on J-STAGE: September 01, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAlthough it is a general tendency that politics play a very important role in the socialist construction, overbalanced emphasis on the role of politics would obstruct the construction.
After the tide of the socialist revolution during 1955 in China, alleviating measures toward the bourgeoisie were applied and the socialist construction was strongly promoted. As a result, strong anti-party movement in 1959 of right wing bourgeoisies was reared in.
Therefore, the anti-right-wing campaign and rectification movement were carried on side by side, and it helped to fundamentally overcomet he bourgeois idea, the anti-socialistic and bureaucratic elements and the right-wing conservative elements. It also achieved great success in realizing the Great-leap-forward movement and the People's Commune.
However, if the importance of politics were unreasonably emphasized, the non-political elements in the construction would inevitably be neglected. This greatly prevented the development of the construction in 1959 and 1960, and the direction of the construction was to be diverted in 1961.View full abstractDownload PDF (2061K) -
Studies in the Communitist SystemT. Miyashita1963 Volume 1963 Issue 21 Pages 40-58,L4
Published: April 25, 1963
Released on J-STAGE: September 01, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSCommunist China has experienced social revolution which has developed through land reforms, collectivization and People's Commune movement, but formation and development of state-operated farms were simultaneously accomplished. The former was nation-wide but the latter was local. Therefore the percentage of the state-operated farm in the total cultivated land of the nation, or the percentage of its production in the national output, is quite small compared with that of the People's Commune. However, the state-operated farm which belongs to the socialist economy of all people's ownership, is regarded as a higher level agricultural organization than the People's Commune which belongs to the socialist economy of collective ownership.
The subject of this article is to analyze the factors which limited the state-operated farm in its process of formation and development. Management of the farm of this type seems to be making steady headway in recent days, but when we look back to its developing process we will find it was a continuation of failures and difficult experiences. First of all, agriculture, which is to be largely under the control of nature, differes from industry. Moreover local agricultural conditions are all very different. And agriculture in China has quite a lot of particular problems on management to be solved. As a result, if they carelessly try to apply theories or experiences of management large scale factory to management of the state-operated farm, they can not avoid failure. In the early stage of development of these farms, so many failures were caused by such a simple reason. In this article, this history of failures will be presented in three parts: times of economic recovery, times of the first 5 years plan, and the times of the second 5 years plan. The problems on management of the state-operated farms in each of these periods will be analyzed from as many original materials published in Communist China as possible.View full abstractDownload PDF (2526K) -
Studies in the Communitist SystemM. Onoe1963 Volume 1963 Issue 21 Pages 59-70,L5
Published: April 25, 1963
Released on J-STAGE: September 01, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWhen the Soviet Union was constructing its socialist society according to the communist theory, it naturally had to adjust it to its special conditions and its concrete situations. Therefore, Marxism became Marx-Leninism and later Marx-Lenin-Stalinism. When socialism was introduced into eastern Europe, the socialistic construction of each country also ought have been done according to its national particularity and its concrete conditions. Hence its own particular theory of communism should have been asserted. But the Soviet Union extorted its own theory and method of socialist construction. Communist China which accomplished its revolution by its own hands and which is one of the great countries in Asia did not submit itself to the Soviet policy, asserted its own method of socialist construction and maintained its own communist theory. As a result, the China-Soviet, dispute developed, but it was a natural result as long as we admit socialistic construction should be based on each national particularity and concrete conditions.
This is a world of conflict between communism and capitalism. Unity of the communist bloc is necessary as long as this conflict exists. There is a limitation to the China-Soviet dispute because of this necessity for unity. The recent stage of this dispute is no longer about internal socialistic construction but is about policies toward capitalist countries and on the international communist movement. Since it is absolute necessity to maintain the unity of the communist bloc concerning these matters, differences in their views can not be tolerated. Moreover as theoretic differences can not be avoided, it may be necessary for the communist parties in the communist bloc to form the third international organization which is different from the Comintern or Cominform and which can regulate the various views among these communist parties.View full abstractDownload PDF (1619K) -
Studies in the Communitist SystemKato1963 Volume 1963 Issue 21 Pages 71-83,L5
Published: April 25, 1963
Released on J-STAGE: September 01, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEconomic levels of the countries in the communist bloc are so different that trade on an equal basis can not be exercised by them. East Germany and Czechoslovakia are on the same level, Poland and Hungary are the same, Bulgaria and Rumania are the same, but Albania is on another level. Countries which are dependent on their natural resources are handicapped and countries which have greater capital enjoy better conditions in their trade. This was one of the reasons why Albania seceded from the communist bloc. Since the Soviet Union is the only country which excels in highly capitalized industry and skilled labor industry, she has an advantage in its trade with other communist countries.
Thus the Soviet Union has to assist the under-developed countries in the bloc in order to level standards in the nearest future. Some of these communist countries which have disadvantages in getting the benefits of division of work have the possibility of economic surrender to the western bloc, if the Soviet Union leaves the situation as it is.
Therefore economic unification is namely political unification itself. Moreover, as they do not have common theory on economic unification, each country takes an obscure attitude, applying autarkic policy on the one hand and emphasizing division of work on the other.View full abstractDownload PDF (1790K) -
Studies in the Communitist SystemK. Sakamoto1963 Volume 1963 Issue 21 Pages 84-96,L6
Published: April 25, 1963
Released on J-STAGE: September 01, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe new constitution of the Mongolian People's Republic of 1960 declared that it was a socialist country. It needed 40 years to construct its socialism, being a nomadic country, without even one line of railroad nor one modern factory before the revolution. The history of this 40 years can be devided into two parts, the first part (1921-1940) which aimed at anti-feudalistic achievement means confiscation of feudal tenures, and anti-religious movement. The second part (1940-) which aimed at construction of socialism means construction of modern industry, collectivization of the nomadic economy and diffusion of agriculture which they had not known. Therefore it was necessary for them to apply the first (1948-52) and second (1953-57) 5 years plans and first 3 years plan to achieve fundamentally the construction of socialism.
But this socialization was succeeded not by their own capital accumulation but by economic aid of other socialist countries. Especially, Mongolia could not have possibly achieved its socialization without Russian aid which was the biggest given to it. It finally completed collectivization of its nomadic society in 1959 after several failures. This was the most difficult task of the socialization. But the fact that number of livestock has not yet reached the number of the pre-war time might be the sign which indicates that collectivization obstructed the people's will for production. Mongolia is a socialist country, the economy of which depends mostly on agricultural processing and collective stock farming. This socialism only means that there is no private ownership of means of production, and productivity is on a very low level. The third 5 years plan which is now operating is planned for developing the agricultural industry by three times of its present capacity and for increasing cultivated land by three times of the present area. Russian aid also plays a great role in it.View full abstractDownload PDF (1576K) -
Studies in the Communitist SystemS. Kido1963 Volume 1963 Issue 21 Pages 97-112,L6
Published: April 25, 1963
Released on J-STAGE: September 01, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAfter being expelled from the Cominform, Yugoslavia became the focus of the world's attention, not only because of its neutralistic diplomacy but also because of the new experiment of its political and economic system. This new experiment, which tried socialization and industrialization of the country with a decentralized and marketeconomic system, denying the Soviet centralized and planned economic system, is a very important and interesting subject in terms of democratizing of political and economic systems in East European countries following the Hungarian revolution, in terms of promoting self-management of enterprises in the Soviet Union and in terms of so cialization and industrialization of newly developed countries in Asia and Africa. The distinctive feature of this Yugoslav socialism is, roughly speaking, its administrative system, in which federal function is greatly curtailed and local commune is regarded as the fundamental unit of self-government and administration, and its economic system, in which self-management of individual enterprise through workers' council is recognized, and economic development is to be performed not by a plan but by means of the rule of supply and demand.
These new political and economic systems in Yugoslavia have been modified on many points reflecting internal and external conditions and leaders' relative pliability. Especially since 1959, they have experienced great shaking caused by increased difficulties. This article will survey two characteristics of Yugoslav political and economic systems, namely organization and development of the local self-governing system and workers' self-management system. Moreover it will analyze a question which is to be clarified by the recent shaking, especially focusing on the worker's self-management system. As for organizational questions, we will see the function of director of enterprise, election method of worker's council, and influence upon self-management of several political and economic organizations, such as local communes, economic associations, the League of Communists. As for economic activities, we will see method for distribution of earnings, role of market and limits on price setting.View full abstractDownload PDF (2224K) -
Studies in the Communitist SystemS. Hayashi1963 Volume 1963 Issue 21 Pages 113-125,L7
Published: April 25, 1963
Released on J-STAGE: September 01, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSKhrushchev's military policy aims at preventing war. Therefore it places importance on efforts to weaken capitalism. Concerning arms, it focuses on how to prepare for a nuclear surprise attack. However, it is not so serious as that of the United States regarding preparation for retaliative attack. He gives great efforts toward making a show of stronger military force than actual by his propaganda and secrecy. He also emphasizes common type of armed forces as well as those of rockets and nuclear weapons, believing in importance of a combination of various types of forces. Countermeasures toward the big loss of young men in the Soviet-German war is the present basis of his military policy.
After the incident of the U2 aircraft, he began to reinforce the armed forces in earnest and to make an effort for a collective defence organization of socialist countries. But Khrushchev's military policy is vacilating at present and the military authorities seem to be dragged around by his capricious ideas.View full abstractDownload PDF (768K) -
Studies in the Communitist SystemR. Kikvi1963 Volume 1963 Issue 21 Pages 126-145,L7
Published: April 25, 1963
Released on J-STAGE: September 01, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTheoretic attempts, based on the historical materialism, to explain the international relations in the world socialist system as a new type of relations that differ from ones in the capitalist system, have positive significance, overcoming the conventional theory of power politics. But on the other hand, they have also weakness that, over-emphasizing the prescribed role of the economic foundation toward the political superstructure, they sometimes fall into the economic determinism, and consequently cannot fully explain real international relations, especially such as the Hungarian event and the Albanian question.
The reporter intends to develop the above-mentioned positive side of these theoretic attempts, with an eye on such weakness of them. Namely, this article will raise two main points. In the first place, there are three factors which determine international relations in the socialist bloc: (1) laws of development of the world socialist system, (2) non-hostile contradictions in the world socialist system, (3) impact from imperialist system. They are correlated each other, but the most fundamental determining factor is the first one. Secondly, among socialist countries are established the principles of socialist internationalism, which are of higher dimension than the general democratic principles of international law. Therefore the international relations among the socialist countries cannot be regulated by the usual principles of peaceful co-existence.View full abstractDownload PDF (1147K) -
S. Kido1963 Volume 1963 Issue 21 Pages 146-149
Published: April 25, 1963
Released on J-STAGE: September 01, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (482K) -
O. Urano1963 Volume 1963 Issue 21 Pages 149-151
Published: April 25, 1963
Released on J-STAGE: September 01, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (354K) -
M. Kosaka1963 Volume 1963 Issue 21 Pages 151-153
Published: April 25, 1963
Released on J-STAGE: September 01, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (338K)
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