国際政治
Online ISSN : 1883-9916
Print ISSN : 0454-2215
ISSN-L : 0454-2215
1976 巻, 54 号
選択された号の論文の14件中1~14を表示しています
  • 「平和研究」-その方法と課題-
    武者小路 公秀
    1976 年 1976 巻 54 号 p. 1-16,L1
    発行日: 1976/05/30
    公開日: 2010/09/01
    ジャーナル フリー
    If peace is to be defined positively as an antithesis to peacelessness and structual violence, it follows tht peace research must be pluralistic in its value orientation and in its paradigms since each human group has the right to define what peace means to it and an to choose its specific way to fight against peacelessness.
    Therefore peace research must not remain universalistic and global oriented. It must rather start with the values, problems and strategies on the local (grassroot) level and try to relate them pointing out their interdependence and complementarity.
    Various paradigms developed or yet to be found must be combined so as to enable peace research to play this catalitic role. The present study analyses various paradigms, from grassroot conscientization paradigm to the preferential modeling paradigm on the global level. The paradigms must be selected and related to each other according to a metaparadigm; a guiding principle according to which peace research organizes its paradigms. This principle should emphacise the fact that peace research is collective research, transdisciplinary and transacademic, linking values, theories an actions on the local, national, regional, and international levels.
  • 「平和研究」-その方法と課題-
    関 寛治
    1976 年 1976 巻 54 号 p. 17-29,L1
    発行日: 1976/05/30
    公開日: 2010/09/01
    ジャーナル フリー
    The key concept of peace research has split as a result of the recent development of the research itself which is being reorganized within the new paradigm of structural violence. However, the peace research under the overkill nuclear threat should be still focused on the prevention of war as the most important problem of the research itself. Thus, it seems to be the imminent task of theoretical peace researchers that they could successfully contribute to the revolutionary development of peace theory by the complete integration of the both trends of research, one to prevent manifest war and the other to minimize potential structural violence. Comparison of peace studies with medical science as a mission-oriented science would be the first prerequisite for finding out reorganization strategy of peace research along the above line towards integration because illuminations of similarities and differences between peace research and medical research would surely contribute to the meta-theoretical clarification of logicalstructure of peace research, in particular, as well as that of mission-oriented science, in general.
    This paper tried to compare the peace studies with medical studies along the following two lines. The first line of comparison focused on the logical and semantic linkage structure of peace studies with medical studies, such as normative character, degree of scientific maturity or phenomenological mode of expression in diagnosis and treatment. The second line of comparison focused on the mutual difference of present institutional settings between both studies and resultant difference of applicability of research findings also between the both.
    In the conclusion of the paper, a new concept of applied science was systematically introduced into peace studies. Of course, such concept originally came from the Anatol Rapoport's creative new idea of new applied science as a mode of transmission of universal understanding of logical structure to informed people. However, the paper went further to propse more universal thinking for the same logical structure also to become applicable to the medical science as a mode of transmission of the endogenetic curability of desease in the biological system and tried to expose the necessity of revolution of western medical science from the theoretical viewpoint of peace research as a science for survival of mankind. Thus, the paper also explicate a new possibility of reorganization of medical science itself as a science for survival of each individual.
  • 「平和研究」-その方法と課題-
    森 祐二
    1976 年 1976 巻 54 号 p. 30-44,L2
    発行日: 1976/05/30
    公開日: 2010/09/01
    ジャーナル フリー
    The subject of this paper is to point out the philosophical characteristics of A. Rapoport in his peace research.
    His peace research has been constructed with the integration of fruits of various diciplines. He takes the empirical science of man from general semantics, the basis of exact science from operational philosophy, and the torelant attitude toward culture from ethics of operationalism.
    One direction of his peace research is a critique against modern strategical thoughts based on game theory. Since th game theory itself has no concern with scientific truth but only with mathematical validity, it is necessary to construct scientific frame work by experiments on various models of game. And since it is also a theory of rational choise, the game theory includes the problem of ethics. This is the reason that he critisizes severely the strategy of modern strategists based on the simplified game theory.
    Introducing the concept of evolution into viewpoint of systems theory, Rapoport attempts to elucidate the conflicts in man-made environment (culture). He argues that the principle of survival of the fittest is unapplicable in the case of cultural evolution, which is another direction in his peace research. The author once discussed the life sciences approach to peace research founded on the bio-evolution theory of Kinji Imanishi. Imanishi's theory of evolution is essentially non-Darwinian. His theory as well as Rapoport's is non-Darwinian systems which suggest a new point of view and a wider, deeper prospect for peace research.
    Recently, Rapoport defined war as an organized crime. This definition of war implies the right to resist the organized crime and the possibility of war among criminal organizations (states). In this definition of war we see the development of his philosophy of war.
    Now that peace research should be constructed by integrating related diciplines, Rapoport's peace research sets the pattern for peace research. On the other hand, we have another methodology of peace research in the method of Masao Maruyama's political studies. The origin of peace research in Japan is found in the method of Maruyama's political studies.
  • 「平和研究」-その方法と課題-
    山本 満
    1976 年 1976 巻 54 号 p. 45-57,L3
    発行日: 1976/05/30
    公開日: 2010/09/01
    ジャーナル フリー
    Whatever approaches one may take to peace research, the North-South problem is no doubt high on the agenda for this new-found land of inter-disciplinary exploration.
    But it should be noted that the concept of North-South problem has its origin in the West, indivisibly interwound with policies interests and perceptions of the elite in the industrialized countries of the North. A critical approach to the too-much-popularized concept and a redifinition of the North-South problem should be the first prerequisite for peace researchers to develop any theory on it with the goal of eliminating violence, both physical and structural, in their mind.
    The present article criticizes two types of conventional views on North-South problem. One is the “Catching up-race theory” which reduces the whole problem essentially to a question of development economics of how GNP per capita can be maximized in the developing countries. It has been argued that if it grew faster in the South than in the North gaps and conflicts between them would be lessened.
    In fact, it was this type of view which have led the international development strategy in 1960s. This fallacy of both the philosophy and strategy however, has become evident as soon as the decade passed in the growing frustration and disappointment on the part of the developing countries.
    Another type of conventional views long maintained by opinion leaders in the West/North is “Poverty-makes-conflicts-theory” which argues that poverty in the South is primarily responsible for conflicts and tensions in and/or among the developing countries. It tends to overlook or underestimate both the hangover of the colonial past and global rivalries among world major powers as the causes of conflicts in the South. Raising the standard of living for the population in the South in itself would not make a permanent peace as long as the fundamental structre of the international political and economic systems based on power is not changed.
    Peace Researchers should contribute to adequately redifining the North-South problem in the context of building a new, post-colonialism world order. While the horizon of the peace research has been significantly enlarged by the insight into the North-South problem, the horizon of the North-South problem must also be enlarged by peace research approaches beyond the conventional views.
  • 「平和研究」-その方法と課題-
    石川 一雄
    1976 年 1976 巻 54 号 p. 58-78,L4
    発行日: 1976/05/30
    公開日: 2010/09/01
    ジャーナル フリー
    While we know a great deal about the process of foreign policymaking, we know virtually nothing about the societal influence of transnational relations on the adaptive behavior of nations. We have many studies of foreign relations on governmental level, but no studies on non-governmental level.
    Today, however, when many kinds of transnational actors are disturbing the field of foreign relations, menacing the values held by citizens, it is urgent for us to analyze multinational and transnational relations, and to have a new theoretical perspective which throws light on these relations effectively. What is needed is to generalize the multinational political arena, to legitimaize civilian diplomacy, to enlarge the concept of citizenship according to the range of functional interdependence, and to find new measures to weaken the structural violence.
    Our main problem in this orientation is to develop a theory of new diplomacy which makes units not only expand functionally but above all redistribute the produced values equally, and have the social organization which reflects truly the interests of its members.
    The author, having surveyed a decade of theroretical trends in dipolomatic investigation, reveals the reason why we should choose this line of study, and presents the problems and methods to carry it out as a peace study.
  • 「平和研究」-その方法と課題-
    佐藤 幸男
    1976 年 1976 巻 54 号 p. 79-99,L5
    発行日: 1976/05/30
    公開日: 2010/09/01
    ジャーナル フリー
    The critical approach of peace and conflict theory (Kritische Friedens-und Konfliktforschung) purports to criticize the society as a whole by analyzing its structure. In contrast, the behavioral approach endeavors to discover the empirical regularities. These two approaches are being integrated into the so-called “constructive” approach, which will be the main trend in the field. Endorsing the constructive approach, this paper examines both the critical and the behavioral approaches in a comparative perspective in order to locate the central theme in the peace and confilict researches.
    Peace and conflict theory has summed up the various methods of the behavioral science, and it has formulated a criticism to the effect that they might be easily expanded and applied from one level to the other. Peace and conflict researchers have pointed out the “gaps of theory” in the behavioral study of conflicts and the disregard of symmetry/asymmetry problems. Thus, Prof. D. Senghaas of West Germany has contrived a typology of conflict formations in the contemporary world, which should shed some light upon the conflict-ridden structure. Prof. J. Galtung of Norway has emphasized on his part the importance of an asymmetrical structure of Topdog-Underdog (T-U) conflicts.
    Equipped with the Galtung-Senghaas typology, here, we examine the conflicts in the post-war world. One of our major findings is that the T-U conflicts (inter-bloc conflicts in Galtung's wording) have shown the pattern of unequal exchanges and exploitation with the “nuclear threat” of the topdog behind. This can be explained as a structural expression of “Divide and Rule” in the contemporary world setting, and it should be called the peculiar aspect of structural violence.
    Structural violence should be, however, grasped in the context of world peacelessness and maldevelopment. In this sense, the peace and conflict theory puts more emphasis upon the value of peace than the traditional-behavioralists: Peace should be equated with the dignity as well as the survival of human beings. This leads us to a structural reformation of the contemporary international system, and the urgent necessity for the peace and conflict theory shall be an identification of how to deal with the problem of war, the keenest manifestation of conflicts.
    Therefore, peace researches henceforth are bound to criticize the advanced countries more radically and to focus more attention on the Third World, along with a more explicit development of the conflict formation theory and the conflict resolution methods.
    The constructive approach in peace and conflict theory ought to maintain firmly the following standpoints in its contribution to the peace research: that War is an organized crime, and that the Third World has been the object of oppression.
  • 臼井 久和
    1976 年 1976 巻 54 号 p. 100-118
    発行日: 1976/05/30
    公開日: 2010/09/01
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 岡本 三夫
    1976 年 1976 巻 54 号 p. 119-138
    発行日: 1976/05/30
    公開日: 2010/09/01
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 多賀 秀敏
    1976 年 1976 巻 54 号 p. 139-144
    発行日: 1976/05/30
    公開日: 2010/09/01
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 鴨 武彦
    1976 年 1976 巻 54 号 p. 144-149
    発行日: 1976/05/30
    公開日: 2010/09/01
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 森 利一
    1976 年 1976 巻 54 号 p. 149-156
    発行日: 1976/05/30
    公開日: 2010/09/01
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 佳知 晃子
    1976 年 1976 巻 54 号 p. 156-162
    発行日: 1976/05/30
    公開日: 2010/09/01
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 阿部 司
    1976 年 1976 巻 54 号 p. 162-166
    発行日: 1976/05/30
    公開日: 2010/09/01
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 高柳 先男
    1976 年 1976 巻 54 号 p. 170
    発行日: 1976/05/30
    公開日: 2010/09/01
    ジャーナル フリー
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