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Volume 46, Issue 12
Displaying 1-13 of 13 articles from this issue
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Makoto HANABATA, Akihiro FURUTA1989 Volume 46 Issue 12 Pages 745-751
Published: December 25, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: March 15, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe influence of molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn) of Novolak resins on the performance of positive photoresist was investigated. The resist sensitivity is improved with the increase in Mw/Mn value. There is an optimumMw/Mnvalue at which the film exhibits high film thickness retention, high heat resistance and high resolution capability. These results are explained in terms of the dissolution promotion effect of low molecular weight components of Novolak resins and the high reactivity in an azocoupling reaction of low molecular weight components with quinonediazide compounds.View full abstractDownload PDF (1064K) -
Makoto HANABATA, Akihiro FURUTA1989 Volume 46 Issue 12 Pages 753-756
Published: December 25, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: March 15, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe influence of the contents of quinonediazide compounds on the performance of a positive photoresist was investigated from the standpoint of image formation process. The film thickness retention, heat resistance and resolution capability are improved with the increase of the quinonediazide contents. There is an optimum content at which quinonediazide compounds exhibit high resist sensitivity. These result are explained in terms of the dissolution promotion effect of indene-carboxylic acids formed upon irradiation, the dissolution inhibition effect of undecomposed quinonediazide compounds and the crosslinking reaction between Novolak resins through ketene intermediates formed during thermolysis of quinonediazide compounds.View full abstractDownload PDF (657K) -
Toyomichi NISHIUCHI1989 Volume 46 Issue 12 Pages 757-761
Published: December 25, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: March 15, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSLactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus bulgaricus) were immobilized into Ca-alginate by an entrapping method. The activity of the products in a skim milk solution which contained lactose as a substrate has been investigated under sterile conditions. The bacteria, mixed homogeneously to 30w/v% with a solution (3.5w/v%) of Na-alginate, were immobilized in granular form by being dropped into a 5.6% CaCl2 solution in a germ-free box. A suitable region of concentration was observed for Ca-alginate as the carrier of the bacteria. The optimum temperatures for the reactions of the immobilized bacteria (IB) and the native bacteria (NB) in the substrate solution were both 40°C, and both activities were almost lost at 50°C. The activity of IB increased with the concentration of the substrate, but the concentration of the resulting lactic acid was not increased beyond about 2.5%. When the fermentation reaction (a multienzyme system) caused by these bacteria is regarded as a coupled enzyme reaction, the apparent values of Km and Vmax are 0.21 mol/l and 20.8mmol/l·h for NB, and 0.19 mol/l and 5.0mmol/l·h for IB. The repeated use of IB was possible without lowering of the activity by renewing the substrate solution just before attainment of equilibrium of each reaction. IB may be preserved for a long time in a refrigerator.
These results suggest that an industrial production of lactic acid is possible by use of IB.View full abstractDownload PDF (878K) -
Tsutomu OISHI, Masayasu YOSHIDA, Masaaki MOMOI, Minoru FUJIMOTO1989 Volume 46 Issue 12 Pages 763-767
Published: December 25, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: March 15, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAsymmetric induction radical copolymerization of N-cyclohexylmaleimide (CHMI) with styrene (ST) were performed in the presence of lecithin in benzene at 40°C. Specific rotations [α] D of the copolymers obtained were about 5 (c=1, l=10, THF). The [α] D values of the copolymers were correlated with the rates of copolymerization (Rp). As the concentration of lecithin increased, Rp became lower, but [α] D became larger. In order to obtain the copolymer having large [α] D, it was necessary that the concentration of lecithin was high and that the polymerization time was short to make the rate of copolymerization less than 2×10-5 mol/l/s.View full abstractDownload PDF (790K) -
Yoshiharu KONDO, Mikio TAKAKI, Ryuzo ASAMI1989 Volume 46 Issue 12 Pages 769-774
Published: December 25, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: March 15, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS2, 3-Diphenyl-1, 3-butadiene (DPB) was synthesized by the following two methods. One was a popular method through the dehydration of 2, 3-diphenyl-2, 3-butanediol. The other was Grignard's method involving the reaction of α-bromostyrene Grignard reagent with acetophenone. In the former, various dehydrating agents were examined for dehydration of the diol prepared by the pinacol reaction of acetophenone with Na or Al amalgam and by the dimerization of acetophenone under ultraviolet irradiation. Acetic anhydride and dimethyl sulfoxide were the most favorable dehydrating agent judging from the yield of DPB. However, the formation of byproducts such as 3, 3-diphenyl-2-butanone was observed in all the dehydrations of 2, 3-diphenyl-2, 3-butanediol. On the other hand, it was found that Grignard's method provided DPB free from the ketone in a good yield (overall yield based on acetophenone, 53.2%). Free radical polymerization of DPB was carried out and poly (DPB) obtained had a trans-1, 4-structure.View full abstractDownload PDF (916K) -
Yasuo YUKI, Hideo KUNISADA, Masasi NAKAMURA, Nobuyuki OKA1989 Volume 46 Issue 12 Pages 775-781
Published: December 25, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: March 15, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS2-Amino-4- (p- [3] or m- [4] methacryloyloxyanilino) -6-isopropeny1-1, 3, 5-triazines were prepared from the reaction of p- or m-hydroxyphenylbiguanide with twice equivalents of methacryloyl chloride. Treatment of [3] or [4] with phenylbiguanide afforded new triazine monomers containing phenolic function, e. g., 2-amino-4- (p- [1] or m- [2] hydroxyanilino) -6-isopropenyi-1, 3, 5-triazines. The hydrochlorides ([5] and [6]) of [1] and [2] were also obtained in the process of isolation of [1] or [2]. A new azo-dye monomer, 2- amino-4- (3-hydroxy-4-phenylazoanilino) -6- isopropeny1-1, 3, 5-triazine [7] was prepared by the coupling reaction of [2] with benzenediazonium chloride. The homopolymerizations and copolymerizations of [1], [2], [5], [6], and [7] with styrene and methyl methacrylate (M1) were carried out in dimethyl sulfoxide using azobisisobutyronitrile as the initiator. The copolymerization parameters (r1, r2, Q and e) were determined.View full abstractDownload PDF (1110K) -
Yasuo YUKI, Hideo KUNISADA, Noriaki OKADA1989 Volume 46 Issue 12 Pages 783-787
Published: December 25, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: March 15, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSm-Biguanidinophenyl methacrylate hydrochloride (mBPMHCl) was synthesized by the reaction of m-hydroxy-phenylbiguanide with a half amount of methacryloyl chloride. 2-Amino-4- (m-methacryloyloxyanilino) -6-isopropeny1-1, 3, 5-triazine was prepared by the neutralization of mBPMHCl with sodium hydroxide. The polymerization and copolymerizations of mBPMHCl (M2) with styrene and methyl methacrylate (M1) were carried out in dimethyl sulfoxide using azobisisobutyronitrile as the initiator. The homopolymer of mBPMHCl was soluble in water and methanol and behaved as an amphoteric polyelectrolyte in water. The copolymerization parameters of mBPMHCl (M2) are as follows. r1=0.22, r2=0.18, Q=1.09, and e=0.99 for St; r1=0.76, r2=0.23, Q=1.65, and e=1.72 for MMA.View full abstractDownload PDF (703K) -
Yoshiharu KONDO, Mikio TAKAKI, Jun-ichi OKU, Kazuyoshi UEMURA, Kazutos ...1989 Volume 46 Issue 12 Pages 789-794
Published: December 25, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: March 15, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo prepare graft copolymers, group transfer polymerization (GTP) of methyl methacrylate (MMA) by polymeric initiators was studied using tetrabutylammonium bifluoride as a catalyst. The polymeric initiators were obtained by the copolymerization of styrene (St) with p-vinylphenylketene methyl trimethylsilyl acetal (VPKTMSA) or N-trimethylsilyl p-vinylphenyl keteneimine (TMSVPKI) containing a C-silyl derivative. The graft polymerization by the poly (St-co-VPKTMSA) initiator was successfully carried out to give PSt-graft-PMMA with narrow molecular weight distributions (MWD, Mw/Mn=1.4-1.8), and the initiator efficiency was considered to be almost quantitative. In the case of poly (St-co-TMSVPKI) initiator, however, the results were unsatisfactory, i. e., the initiator efficiency was low and the MWD of the graft copolymer obtained was broad. PMMA obtained by the grafting GTP was syndiotactic-rich (e. g., I=5, S=56, H=39). These observations are similar to those for the GTP of MMA which were reported by Webster et al.View full abstractDownload PDF (991K) -
Takao SASHIDA, Kenji MOTOSUGI, Kanako AKABA, Mitsugu KAWARAI1989 Volume 46 Issue 12 Pages 795-800
Published: December 25, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: March 15, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo optimize the manufacturing condition to produce a highly accurate capacitive-type humidity sensor using cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) film, the effects on humidity-sensitive characteristics were examined for several factors: the contents of butyryl and acetyl groups in CAB, the weights of plasticizer (dimethyl phtalate) added into CAB, and annealing conditions. Under the optimum condition, low hysteresis of less than 1%RH and high reproducibility were obtained in the humidity range of 0-90%RH.View full abstractDownload PDF (1112K) -
Toshikatsu NISHIOKA, Tsutomu NISHIKAWA, Norio TERAMAE1989 Volume 46 Issue 12 Pages 801-807
Published: December 25, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: March 15, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA method for characterization of depth profiling of polymer-polymer coated surfaces has been developed, whichuses Fourier transform infrared microscopy. A cross section of a coating sample was prepared as a microtomed cross section perpendicular to the film structure's thickness. The coating sample was prepared by coating a polyurethane layer on the ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer. The mixed phase of polymer-polymer was detected in the coated surface and an interaction was detected between a secondary amine in the polyurethane and a carboxyl group in the ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer. A commercial coating sample was prepared by coating a polyurethane layer on the polypropylene/ethylene-acrylic acid rubber/maleic acid anhydride graft ethylene-propylene rubber. The mixed phase of polymer-polymer was detected in the coated surface. This technique will be applied to research on a variety of adherent products.View full abstractDownload PDF (876K) -
Kenji KURIMOTO, Masaaki NAKAMURA, Kazuhide FUJIMOTO, Akiyoshi SOMEMIYA1989 Volume 46 Issue 12 Pages 809-818
Published: December 25, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: March 15, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAn acrylamide epoxy compound with vinyl and glycidyl ether groups (AXE) was mixed with an addition product of iso-propyleneglycol diacidyl ether with acrylic acid (DA-2). The mixture was cured at 140°C in the presence of nadic methyl anhydride (NMA) and organic peroxide. The cured resin exhibited synergism in both impact strength and heat resistance; i. e., the bulk properties were higher than those of neat-resins of both AXE and DA-2. Infrared and viscoelastic analyses revealed that (1) the hydroxyl in DA-2 is reactive with NMA, (2) the synergism in heat resistance is achieved when vinyl polymerization precedes the ring-opening reaction of AXE with NMA, and (3) impact strength is not affected by competition between the reactions. Light scattering study indicated that the cured resin has a concentration fluctuation with a correlation length of ca. 0.1μm.View full abstractDownload PDF (1652K) -
Kunio MORI, Seichi SAI, Akira WATANABE, Tokuji MIYASHITA, Minoru MATSU ...1989 Volume 46 Issue 12 Pages 819-827
Published: December 25, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: March 15, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSCast thin films of 6-substituted groups-1, 3, 5-triazine-2, 4-dithiols (RTD) were prepared on quartz plates by the spin coating method and were polymerized under the irradiation of UV light with the wave length of 250 to 400 nm. The conversion of monomer cast films was determined by measuring the changes of the absorbance in the UV spectra of irradiated films. To identify the further formation of polymer after irradiation, FT-IR spectra and GPC were measured. The photopolymerization of RTD cast films with alkyl groups was expressed by the pseudo first order and explained by the oxidation of the mercapto group with photo-induced oxygen in air, giving a RTD disulfide polymer. The photopolymerization of cast films with an unsaturated group obeyed a parabolic law. In this reaction the products after UV light irradiation contained THF insoluble polymer because the addition of the mercapto groups to the unsaturated groups and the oxidation of mercapto groups simultaneously occurred.View full abstractDownload PDF (1356K) -
Kazuo HAGA, Akito ITOI, Ryohei KANEKO1989 Volume 46 Issue 12 Pages 829-832
Published: December 25, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: March 15, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo further investigate the polymerization behaivor of N-methyl-11-acryloylamidoundecanoic acid (1) in emulsion, N-hexy1-6-acryloylamidohexanoic acid (2), N-acryloyl-N-decylglycine (3), N-acryloyl-N-hexadecylglycine (4), and N-acryloyl-N-decyl-fi-alanine (5) were prepared. Each monomer was polymerized with BPO in the hetero-phase (water and benzene) system in which the monomer itself acted as surfactant. The results show that the distance between the polymerizable group and the polar group in the monomer affects polymerizability in the hetero-phase system.View full abstractDownload PDF (627K)
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