Proceedings of the Kanto-Tosan Plant Protection Society

Online ISSN : 2185-3673
Print ISSN : 0388-8258
ISSN-L : 0388-8258

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A View for Generation of Transgenic Plants Resistant to Pathogen-infection

Yuko OHASHI

1998 Volume 1998 Issue 45 Pages 1-6
Published: November 01, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11337/ktpps1954.1998.1

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For crop improvement, DNA manipulation techniques provide new approaches to generate useful plants which carry and express additive foreign genes. Recently, agronomically useful genes, such as herbicide, viral, fungal and insect resistance genes, have been introduced to both of dicot and monocot plants, and additive acquired resistance against the chemical and biological stresses were found in these tansgenic plants. Because resistance genes against phytopathogenic bacteria are limited in main crops, generation of transgenic plants which are resistant to bacterial disease have been long-waited. In addition, criticism against environmental pollution by usage of agricultural antibiotics to protect bacterial infection has increased. In this context, transgenic strategy to generate resistant crops against phytopathogenic bacteria would be important now. In this paper, genetic sources for introduced gene constructs and outline of generated resistant transgenic plants against phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria are described.

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Difference of Growth and Susceptibility against Blast of Rice Plants in Some Soils

Naoki EGUCHI, Noriyoshi UEHARA, Tooru YAMASHITA, Yoshinari SAITOH

1998 Volume 1998 Issue 45 Pages 7-9
Published: November 01, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11337/ktpps1954.1998.7

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Occurrence of Bacterial Diseases in Nursery Boxes of Rice Plants in Nagano Prefecture

Tooru YAMASHITA, Nagao KOBAYASHI, Naoki EGUCHI, Yoshinari SAITOH

1998 Volume 1998 Issue 45 Pages 11-13
Published: November 01, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11337/ktpps1954.1998.11

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Control of Bacterial Seedling Rot by Temperature Management in Nursery

Tooru YAMASHITA, Nagao SAKAI, Naoki EGUCHI, Yoshinari SAITOH

1998 Volume 1998 Issue 45 Pages 15-17
Published: November 01, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11337/ktpps1954.1998.15

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Occurrence of Oxolinic Acid-resistant Strains of Burkholderia glumae in Nagano Prefecture

Tooru YAMASHITA, Naoki EGUCHI, Yoshinari SAITOH

1998 Volume 1998 Issue 45 Pages 19-21
Published: November 01, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11337/ktpps1954.1998.19

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Occurrence and Chemical Control of Seed-borne Diseases of Rice in Hydroponically Raised Seedlings for Long-mat Type Rice Cultivation

Atsushi MIYASAKA, Ryoichi SONODA, Hideki NAITO

1998 Volume 1998 Issue 45 Pages 23-25
Published: November 01, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11337/ktpps1954.1998.23

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Long-mat type rice seedlings were treated before transplanting with either tricyclazole or carpropamid granules for rice blast. Treatment of the fungicides before transplanting was effective against rice blast in the field. Bakanae disease did not appear on seedlings in the hydroponic nursery bed but appeared severely from seven weeks after transplanting until the heading stage in the field. Data clearly suggest that the development of bakanae disease is different from the ordinary transplanting method.

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A Rapid Detection Method of Wheat Flag Smut

Satoshi NODA

1998 Volume 1998 Issue 45 Pages 27-28
Published: November 01, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11337/ktpps1954.1998.27

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Occurrence of Benomyl Resistant Strains of Barley Stripe in Saitama Prefecture

Tsuneo UETAKE, Satoshi NODA

1998 Volume 1998 Issue 45 Pages 29-30
Published: November 01, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11337/ktpps1954.1998.29

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Chemical Control of Konjak Dry Rot by the Triflumizole Smoking Agent

Satoshi SHIBATA, Masami SATO, Takeo HONDA, Koichi FUJII, Meiki ANDO, T ...

1998 Volume 1998 Issue 45 Pages 31-33
Published: November 01, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11337/ktpps1954.1998.31

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Root Rot of Sweet Pepper Caused by Pythium sp.

Kyoko SATO, Tetsuo SHINOZAKI, Yoshikatsu GENDA, Shingo YONEYAMA, Osamu ...

1998 Volume 1998 Issue 45 Pages 35-37
Published: November 01, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11337/ktpps1954.1998.35

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Resistance Assay of Tomato Rootstock Cultivars to Corky Root and Crown and Root Rot

Jun TAKEUCHI, Hiromichi HORIE, Fujio KAIHO

1998 Volume 1998 Issue 45 Pages 39-41
Published: November 01, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11337/ktpps1954.1998.39

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Fungicidal Activity of Fluazinam on Phoma lingam, Causal Agent of Blackleg on Cabbage

Shigeru MITANI, Kaori OHHASHI, Hiroyuki HAYASHI, Norifusa MATSUO

1998 Volume 1998 Issue 45 Pages 43-46
Published: November 01, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11337/ktpps1954.1998.43

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Symptom of Downy Mildew on the Leafstalk of Chinese Cabbage Caused by Peronospora parasitica and its Varietal Resistance and Chemical Control

Masashi FUJINAGA, Mamoru SATO, Tokiya SHIMIZU, Hideki OGISO, Yoshiro A ...

1998 Volume 1998 Issue 45 Pages 47-49
Published: November 01, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11337/ktpps1954.1998.47

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Occurrence of Bacterial Black Rot and Bacterial Spot on Head of Broccoli Caused by Xanthomonas campestris

Kazuhiko SAKAI

1998 Volume 1998 Issue 45 Pages 51-55
Published: November 01, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11337/ktpps1954.1998.51

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Varietal Differences of Sensitivity of Japanese Radish to White Rust and Black Ring Spot Symptom Caused by Albugo macrospora

Masanobu KOBAYASHI, Hidetoshi UEKUSA, Noriko ORIHARA

1998 Volume 1998 Issue 45 Pages 57-59
Published: November 01, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11337/ktpps1954.1998.57

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Antifungal Activity of Bacillus subtilis Strain DB9011 Against Plant Pathogenic Fungi and Its Efficacy Against Turnip Yellows

Akihiro SEKI, Kazuhiro KUBO

1998 Volume 1998 Issue 45 Pages 61-64
Published: November 01, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11337/ktpps1954.1998.61

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Effect of Rainfall on the Development of Bacterial Diseases of Lettuce and Their Resistance to Major Varieties of Lettuce in Nagano Prefecture

Hideki OGISO, Tokiya SHIMIZU, Masashi FUJINAGA

1998 Volume 1998 Issue 45 Pages 65-68
Published: November 01, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11337/ktpps1954.1998.65

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Comparison of Effective Ranges of Two Soil Fumigants on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae in Soil

Yasushi IWASAKI, Yutaka SHIMAZAKI

1998 Volume 1998 Issue 45 Pages 69-72
Published: November 01, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11337/ktpps1954.1998.69

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Control of Fusarium Root Rot of Pumpkin by Some Soil Fumigants Treatment into Plastic-mulched Ridge

Ken WATANABE, Teruo OHSUNA

1998 Volume 1998 Issue 45 Pages 73-75
Published: November 01, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11337/ktpps1954.1998.73

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Control of Monosporascus Root Rot of Watermelon by Hot Water Injection and Chemicals

Hiroshi SAKAI, Toshimasa SHIRAISHI, Hiroshi HAGIWARA, Toshiaki TAKEHAR ...

1998 Volume 1998 Issue 45 Pages 77-79
Published: November 01, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11337/ktpps1954.1998.77

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Infection Stage and Chemical Control of Physalospora Canker on Fruit of Pear Cultivar Kosui

Yasunori TOMITA, Tsuneo CHIBA

1998 Volume 1998 Issue 45 Pages 81-82
Published: November 01, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11337/ktpps1954.1998.81

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Outbreak of Fruit Core Rot on Japanese Pear in Nagano Prefecture and Its Infection Stage

Yasuhiko IWANAMI, Katsumi HIROMA

1998 Volume 1998 Issue 45 Pages 83-85
Published: November 01, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11337/ktpps1954.1998.83

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Changes of Ascospore Discharge by Venturia nashicola in Nagano Prefecture

Yasuhiko IWANAMI, Katsumi HIROMA

1998 Volume 1998 Issue 45 Pages 87-89
Published: November 01, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11337/ktpps1954.1998.87

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Occurrence of Leaf Rot and Dieback of Sour Cherry and Cherry Caused by Monilinia kusanoi in the Southern District of Nagano Prefecture

Katsumi HIROMA, Yasuhiko IWANAMI

1998 Volume 1998 Issue 45 Pages 91-93
Published: November 01, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11337/ktpps1954.1998.91

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Sensitivity of Pseudocercospora vitis to Benzimidazoles and Diethofencarb

Yasumitsu KAWAI, Hidehiko KOIKE, Kenichi KONDO, Satoshi TOKUNAGA

1998 Volume 1998 Issue 45 Pages 95-96
Published: November 01, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11337/ktpps1954.1998.95

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Effect of Several Fungicides on the Leaf Spot of Grapevine Caused by Benzimidazoles Resistant Strains of Pseudocercospora vitis

Yasumitsu KAWAI, Hidehiko KOIKE, Kenichi KONDO

1998 Volume 1998 Issue 45 Pages 97-98
Published: November 01, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11337/ktpps1954.1998.97

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Cucumber Mosaic Virus Isolated from Sandersonia aurantiaca Hook

Azusa SHIOTA, Seiji UEMATSU

1998 Volume 1998 Issue 45 Pages 99-100
Published: November 01, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11337/ktpps1954.1998.99

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In 1997, Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) was detected from Sandersonia showing stunt and necrotic streak symptoms in Chiba Prefecture. The virus was confirmed by host range, electron microscopy and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. This is the first report on a virus disease of Sandersonia.

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A New Chlorotic Spot Disease of Portulaca spp. Caused by Broad Bean Wilt Virus

Toshiro KAWANO, Kokichi TAKAHASHI, Yoshiyuki TAKAHASHI

1998 Volume 1998 Issue 45 Pages 101-104
Published: November 01, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11337/ktpps1954.1998.101

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Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV) Isolated from Alstroemeria Hybrid Showing Necrotic Lesions

Yoshiyuki TAKAHASHI, Kunio ODA, Kokichi TAKARASHI, Toshiro KAWANO

1998 Volume 1998 Issue 45 Pages 105-108
Published: November 01, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11337/ktpps1954.1998.105

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Clover Yellow Vein Virus Isolated from Vegetatively Propagated Dwarf Gentiana Plants in Saitama Prefecture

Hiroyuki UGA, Toshihiko SHOJI, Takahide SASAYA, Yoshiro MIKOSHIBA, Yoh ...

1998 Volume 1998 Issue 45 Pages 109-111
Published: November 01, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11337/ktpps1954.1998.109

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Occurrence of Bacterial Soft Rot of Dieffenbachia picta Caused by Erwinia carotovora

Kazuhiko SAKAI

1998 Volume 1998 Issue 45 Pages 113-117
Published: November 01, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11337/ktpps1954.1998.113

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Occurrence of Dry Rot on Cymbidium Caused by Fusarium solani

Kazunori ICHIKAWA, Hideki SAITO

1998 Volume 1998 Issue 45 Pages 119-121
Published: November 01, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11337/ktpps1954.1998.119

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A new disease of cymbidium was found in Japan in the prefectures of Yamanashi, Shizuoka, Kochi, Shiga, Saitama and Yamaguchi from 1992 to 1998. Dark brown to black lesion appeared on the base of the leaves, dry rot was seen on pseudobulb and rot was seen on roots. Disease progress was slow, so that the plant grew up suppressively. The causal pathogen was identified as Fusarium solani on the basis of its morphology, and the common name of the disease, dry rot, was proposed.

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First Occurrence of Verticillium Wilt of Dahlia, Small Globethistle and Gayfeather Caused by Verticillium dahliae Klebahn in Japan

Jun TAKEUCHI, Hiromichi HORIE

1998 Volume 1998 Issue 45 Pages 123-125
Published: November 01, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11337/ktpps1954.1998.123

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Verticillium wilt of dahlia Dahlia×cultorum Thorsr. et Reis., small globethistle Echinops ritro L. and gayfeather Liatris spicata (L.) Willd. occurred in Tokyo Metropolis in 1997. The causal fungus isolated from the diseased plants was identified as Verticillium dahliae Klebahn by morphological observations and inoculation tests. This is the first report on these diseases in Japan.

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First Reports of Southern Blight of Sweet William Silene, Beggar-ticks and Heliopsis Caused by Sclerotium rolfsii in Japan

Jun TAKEUCHI, Hiromichi HORIE, Toshio KANAGAWA

1998 Volume 1998 Issue 45 Pages 127-129
Published: November 01, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11337/ktpps1954.1998.127

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Southern blights of sweet william silene, Silene armeria L., beggar-ticks, Bidens laevis (L.) B. S. P. and heliopsis, Heliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweet occurred in Tokyo Metropolis in 1997. The causal fungi isolated from each diseased plant were identified as Sclerotium rolfsii Saccardo by morphological observations and inoculation tests. These are the first reports on the diseases in Japan.

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First Occurrence of Leaf Blight of Beard-tongue and Stem and Root Rot of Safflower and Small Globethistle Caused by Rhizoctonia solani in Japan

Jun TAKEUCHI, Hiromichi HORIE

1998 Volume 1998 Issue 45 Pages 131-133
Published: November 01, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11337/ktpps1954.1998.131

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Leaf blight of beard-tongue Penstemon hybrid and stem and root rot of safflower Carthamus tinctorius L. and small globethistle Echinops ritro L. occurred in Tokyo Metropolis in 1997. A Rhizoctonia species isolated from the diseased plants was identified as Rhizoctonia solani Kühn. Inoculation tests showed that the fungus was the causal agent of these diseases. This is the first report on these diseases in Japan.

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First Report of Phoma Rot of Carpet Bugle Caused by Phoma eupyrena in Japan

Jun TAKEUCHI, Hiromichi HORIE

1998 Volume 1998 Issue 45 Pages 135-137
Published: November 01, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11337/ktpps1954.1998.135

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Phoma rot of carpet bugle Ajuga reptans L. occurred in Tokyo Metropolis in 1996. The causal fungus isolated from the diseased plant was identified as Phoma eupyrena Saccardo by morphological observations and inoculation tests. This is the first report on the disease in Japan.

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First Occurrence of Leaf Spot of English Ivy and Dog-hobble Caused by Guignardia sp. in Japan

Jun TAKEUCHI, Hiromichi HORIE

1998 Volume 1998 Issue 45 Pages 139-142
Published: November 01, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11337/ktpps1954.1998.139

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Leaf spot of English ivy Hedera helix L. and dog-hobble Leucothoe walteri (Willd.) Melvin occurred in Tokyo Metropolis between 1995 and 1996. The causal fungus isolated from the diseased plants was identified as Guignardia sp. by morphological observations and inoculation tests. This is the first report on the occurrence of these diseases in Japan.

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First Occurrence of Leaf Spot of Nandina and Japanese Spurge Caused by Phyllosticta sp. in Japan

Jun TAKEUCHI, Hiromichi HORIE

1998 Volume 1998 Issue 45 Pages 143-145
Published: November 01, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11337/ktpps1954.1998.143

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Leaf spot of nandina, Nandina domestica Thunb., and Japanese spurge, Pachysandra terminalis Sieb. et Zucc. occurred in Tokyo Metropolis in 1996. The causal fungus isolated from the diseased plants was identified as Phyllosticta sp. by morphological observations and inoculation tests. This is the first report on the occurrence of these diseases in Japan.

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Occurrence and Chemical Control of Blight of Chinese Peonyin Gunma Prefecture

Toshihiko URUSHIBARA, Masaoki SHIMIZU, Toshimasa SHIRAISHI, Hiroshi SA ...

1998 Volume 1998 Issue 45 Pages 147-149
Published: November 01, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11337/ktpps1954.1998.147

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Occurrence of Brown Leaf Spot Disease of Cherry Caused by Phyllosticta sp

Masayuki TOGAWA

1998 Volume 1998 Issue 45 Pages 151-153
Published: November 01, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11337/ktpps1954.1998.151

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Severity on Brown Leaf Spot Disease in 52 Varieties of Cherry

Masayuki TOGAWA

1998 Volume 1998 Issue 45 Pages 155-157
Published: November 01, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11337/ktpps1954.1998.155

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Control of Rice Stem Borer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker) by Communication Disruption Using Its Sex Pheromone in Large Field

Kazuhisa SUDO, Ichio SENBONGI, Yukitsugu TAKAHASHI, Hiroshi MAEHARA, Y ...

1998 Volume 1998 Issue 45 Pages 159-161
Published: November 01, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11337/ktpps1954.1998.159

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The Control Effect of Fipronil Granule against Larvae of Rice Skipper, Parnara guttata at Sowing of Rice Seeds on Nursery Boxes

Eiji YOSHIZAWA, Ayako HANYUU

1998 Volume 1998 Issue 45 Pages 163-164
Published: November 01, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11337/ktpps1954.1998.163

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Egg Parasitoids of Rice Bug, Leptocorisa chinensis, in Northern Part of Ibaraki Prefecture

Tomoyuki YOKOSUKA, Kazumi YONEYAMA, Yasuo UEDA

1998 Volume 1998 Issue 45 Pages 165-166
Published: November 01, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11337/ktpps1954.1998.165

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Method of surveying parasitization ability of Paracentrobia andoi (Ishii), an egg parasitoid of Nephotettix cincticeps (Uhler)

Hiroaki TAKEUCHI, Kazuo HIRAI

1998 Volume 1998 Issue 45 Pages 167-170
Published: November 01, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11337/ktpps1954.1998.167

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Occurrence and Search of Insecticide for Control of Mexican Bean Beetle, Epilachna varivestis (Mulsant) in Yamanashi Prefecture

Taichi FUNAKUBO, Mutsumi YODA, Katsuhiro SHINYA, Yoshiteru MURAKAMI

1998 Volume 1998 Issue 45 Pages 171-174
Published: November 01, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11337/ktpps1954.1998.171

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Control of American Serpentine Leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess), by Nitenpyram Granule Application

Akihito OZAWA, Mitsuaki OHTA, Hisatoshi KOBAYASHI

1998 Volume 1998 Issue 45 Pages 175-177
Published: November 01, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11337/ktpps1954.1998.175

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Effectiveness of control by the application of Nitenpyram granule in soil against Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) was evaluated by performing laboratory test and field tests on both tomato and chrysanthemum plants in greenhouses. The control effect of Nitenpyram granule against L. trifolii by a laboratory test was perfect. In the case of field tests Nitenpyram granule was more effective than Acephate granule and Acetamiprid granule when it was applied in the planting holes for tomato seedlings in the greenhouse. Nitenpyram was as effective as Acephate granule when it was applied on the soil just after planting of chrysanthemum in the greenhouse.

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Efficiency of a Improved Box to Collect Emerged Parasitoids of American Serpentine Leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess)

Akihito OZAWA, Mitsuaki OHTA, Hisatoshi KOBAYASHI

1998 Volume 1998 Issue 45 Pages 179-180
Published: November 01, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11337/ktpps1954.1998.179

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Efficacy of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus Preparation against Whitefly on Tomato in the Greenhouse

Mitsuaki OHTA, Akihito OZAWA, Hisatoshi KOBAYASHI

1998 Volume 1998 Issue 45 Pages 181-184
Published: November 01, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11337/ktpps1954.1998.181

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Paecilomyces fumosoroseus preparation (PFR-97™ 20% WDG) was applied three times weekly against Bemisia argentifolii and Trialeurodes vaporariorum on tomato in greenhouses in July in Experiment 1 and May-June in Experiment 2, respectively. In Expt. 1, effective control was not obtained in some period because of high temperature (>35°C) and insufficiency of high humidity (>80%). In Expt. 2, the most effective control was obtained due to optimal temperature and humidity.

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Effects of the Elimination of Ultraviolet Rays on Major Pests of Tomato and Their Parasitoids

Tetsuro KASHIMA, Masaharu MATSUI

1998 Volume 1998 Issue 45 Pages 185-189
Published: November 01, 1998
Released on J-STAGE: March 12, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11337/ktpps1954.1998.185

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We studied on the effects of the ultraviolet ray abosorbable films on occurrence and activity of Liriomyza trifolii, Bemisia argentifolii and their parasitoids: Diglyphus isaea, Dacnusa sibirica, Encarsia formosa and Eretmocerus californicus. In laboratory tests, all the tested insects avoided entering and/or staying in the UV ray eliminated space. In green-houses covered with UV ray absorbable films, D. isaea and E. formosa increased as in the greenhouse covered with a regular film.

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