The various spontaneous electrical patterns persisting in the isolated neuronal mass were observed for investigating the synchronous regularity. The regularity among the properties of electrical activities is discussed in relation to the activity of neuronal chains and the mechanism generating it is supposed on the basis of the change in excitability. The synchronous regular activity is presumably due to the mass activity of neuronal chains i. e. a regular rhythmical electrical activity, manifesting in the absence of afferent impulses and driven by the large shifting of excitability, would be dependent upon the waxing and waning due to activity in the neuronal chains. The author wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to the members of Department of Physiology for their helpful advice.

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It is an established fact that blood platelets are of the following shapes : round, oval, spindle-shaped and star-shaped, and that their nature is quite changeable. M. Schultze (1865), J. Bizzozero (1882), and many other researchers have concentrated their efforts in the study of the form and the function of these tiny platelets through the use of various methods. The following conclusions were reached: the blood platelets are from two to three μ in size and have changeable forms ; in their fresh state they are generally constructed in hyaline homogeneity but in their Giemsa coloration two elements of structure are recognized, one being of the ground substance and colored light blue, while the other is granular. That of the ground substance is homogeneous and the granular substance is the group of basic or azure granule and mitochondria. Moreover the inner-granular part is distinguished as chromomere and the surrounding homogeneous part as hyalomere. In recent years remarkable progress has been made in the application of the electron microscope, which has a high resolving power, to any living being. Formerly, with only the use of the light microscope, the platelet forms could not be observed so closely and in such detail as now with the electronmicroscope with which the most minute forms can be observed. For instance, one can read the reports of Wolpers and Ruska (1939), Bessis (1948), Braunsteiner (1949, 1951, 1953, 1954), De Robertis (1953), Bloom (1955), et al. However, they have observed mainly the normal shapes, the disintegrated shapes or clotting process of the blood platelets on the f ormvar membrane or parlodion film. Accordingly, in studying the structure of the blood platelets, it has been difficult to observe in detail the ultra-structure of the compact barely-electronpermeable chromomere (but not the ultrastructure of the electronpermeable hyalomere), particularly has it seemed almost impossible to observe the innerstructure of them in their original form. But since there has been remarkable progress in the technique of ultrathin sectioning the specimen for observation the shape of the blood platelets can be studied in precise detail as can be the inner-structure of this small body. In 1955 and 1956 Bernhard, Rinehart and Watanabe announced the results of their research on the azure granula, mitochondria and Golgi substance. Those authors have also studied the blood platelets in minute detail and here reports the findings.

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Bis heute wurden bezüglich der Vitalfärbung des Zentralnervensystems die mehrzahlen Arbeiten veröffentlicht, nach den meisten Autoren aber blieben die Nervenzellen im Hirn ungefärbt, da eine spezielle Schranke darauf, die physiologsch einen gewissen Schutz gegen osmotische Schwankung gewährct, zwischen dem Hirn and der Gefässe liegt. Erst in den lezten Jahren wurden die Tatsachen von Clara (1955), Leonhardt (1955), and Otsuka, Takahashi, Miyawaki (1956) festgestellt, dass die neurosekretorischen Zellen im Hypothalamus ausser ihrer neurosekretorischen Fähigkeit auch noch die Speicherung des in vivo injizierten Farbstoffes zeigen können. Diese Untersuchungen wurden nur an einer Reihe der Säugetiere, wie Goldhamster (Clara), Meerschweinchen, Kaninchen (Leonhardt), Meerschweinchen, Kaninchen, Hund (Otsuka u. a.) durchgef uhrt and sind bei niedrigem Tier, vor allem Reptil bisher von niemand vorgenommen.Ausserdem nach Otsuka u. a. soil der Unterschied der Färbungsintensität sowohl zwischen den Säugetieren als auch zwischen dem Nucl. supraopticus and dem Nucl, paraventricularis nachzuweisen sein.Die Verf asser haben am Gecko japonicus die Vitalfärbung durchgeführt and einige Resultate gewonnen, welche hier mitgeteilt sein sollen.

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In the first report (1) (2) (3), a separation method of Myc, lepraemurium from the infected subcutaneous tissue of rat by means of chloroform fractionation, and in the second report (4) (5), some chemical properies of the bacilli, i. e, their nitrogen, phosphorus, amino acids, and carbohydrate contents, and alcoholether extractible fraction were described. However, the data of the chemical properties of the bacilli in these papers may not be natural in their state, because the chloroform was used as a fractionation solvent for the separation of the bacilli from the infected tissue, and many fractions in the bacilli seemed to be extracted into the chloroform layer, and moreover, the infectivity of the bacilli to rat was lost by this fractionation procedure. After the publication of these reports, the author received a communication from Dr. H. W. Wade (6), Culion, Philippines, which stated that chemical analyses of bacilli separated from the tissue by use of a solvent like chloroform could not represent the bacilli in their natural state for the reason of electron microscopic observations by Dr. K. R. Chatterjee and others in which the bacilli separated from the tissue by chloroform were so much altered that their pictures were valueless. Therefore, the efforts toward the isolation method of Myc. lepraemurium from infected subcutaneous tissue in the natural state were made.The purpose of this present paper here is to report a new isolation method of murine leprosy bacilli from infected tissue and comparison between the chemical analyses of the bacilli obtained by this method and those of the bacilli obtained by the chloroform fractionation. The former is a method in which pretreatment of infected tissue with trypsin is employed before Hanks procedure (7) by which the intact cells of murine leprosy bacilli can be effectively obtained from the infected tissue, for a solution of difficulty to separate the leprosy bacilli from the infected subcutaneous tissue.After expressing this method at the 29th Japanese Leprosy Congress, 1956 (8), a communication from Dr. J. H. Hanks (9), Harvard Univ. U. S. A. in which pancreatin and bile were used for facility of separation of murine leprosy bacilli from the tissue and a communication from Dr. C. M. Carpenter (10), Univ. California, U.S.A. in which trypsin could be effectively employed to separate tissue components from suspensions of Myc. leprae prepared from lepromata for obtaining a tissue-free lepromin, were received.

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It has been reported that a brief apnoea lasting a few seconds, is observed immediately after the intravenous injection of many compounds ; nicotine (Dawes, 1947, Nagasaki, 1953, Paintal, 1955, Domaye, 1955), antihistaminic drugs (Winder, 1947, Aviado, 1950, Jones, 1952), phenyl diguanide (Paintal, 1953, 1955, Dawes, 1950, 1951, 1952), serotonine (Schneider, 1953, 1954, Comroe, 1953, Paintal, 1955) and adenosine triphosphate (Emmelin, 1948) etc.. Furthermore it has been shown that some of these apnoeas are reflex and the receptors responsible for the reflex are in the lungs, because the apnoeas are abolished by bilateral vagotomy and are observed easily by the administration of the drugs into right ventricle or pulmonary artery, but are not observed in left ventricle of heart.On the nicotine apnoea, Domaye (1955) described that the apnoea occured reflexly in the expiratory position in cats and dogs, while Nagasaki (1953) and Kimura (1954) observed one in the inspiratory position in rabbits. The similar observation in different species has been reported on the apnoea caused by serotonine (Schneider, 1954), antihistaminic drugs (Takasaki, 1957), phenyl diguanide (Dawes, 1951 a, b) and isothiourea derivatives (Dawes, 1950). However, no reportors have elucidated it in detail.The present experiments are an attempt to contribute something to elucidate the mechanism of nicotine apnoea, especially the species difference between cats and rabbits (expiratory and inspiratory).

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1. A freeze-drying apparatus which utilized the drying effect of dry gas flow rather than the vacuum itself was designed and tested.2. The drying efficiency of the instrument seemed to be much better than the one of the ordinary closed-chamber system.3. The possible artifact by the gas flow was checked using such fragile samples as bacteriophage or leptospira and was proved to be at least negligibly small.

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1) The liver puncture in the patients of schistosomasis is not dangerous.2) In the examination of patient dwelling in the infesting area of schistosomiasis or ever dwelled in that area, it is necssary to carry out the liver biopsy even when the eggs were not detected by feces examination.3) The detecting rate of human schistosomasis by liver biopsy is eight or nine times higher than that by feces examination up to the present. Accordily, the statistical value of patients of schistsomiasis observed from the feces examination should be corrected.4) In the infesting area of schistosomiasis, various diseases are frequently followed by schistosomiasis, and make the diagnosis or therapy impossible or difficult.5) In the infesting area of schistosomiasis, schistosomiasis after causes the liver cirrhosis. The author is very grateful to Prof. Y. Yoshizumi and Prof. K. Hieda for their valuable help.

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