This paper analyzes current working practices in Japanese companies. Japanese companies commonly hire new graduates in a collective manner under a membershipbased employment system, a practice that is rarely seen in other coutries. Furthermore, Japanese firms present a variety of employment forms. Beyond membership-based and job-based employment, there are also non-regular employment and various pratices within small and medium-sized enterprises also exist. This study aims to examine these various working styles and consider the respective roles they play through an analysis of the current situation.

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