教育哲学研究
Online ISSN : 1884-1783
Print ISSN : 0387-3153
1961 巻, 5 号
選択された号の論文の5件中1~5を表示しています
  • 沢田 允茂
    1961 年 1961 巻 5 号 p. 1-12
    発行日: 1961/09/30
    公開日: 2009/09/04
    ジャーナル フリー
    The concept of “machine” has been generally taken to stand in opposition to that of “man.” However, when the remarkable progress of machines in recent times is considered, the very notion of “machine” fitted to recent models of the machine is seen to be in desperate need of reform.
    At the heart of the new theories on machines are notions, such as that of “feedback”, which can formally and structurally be applied to the actions of reflection, consciousness, and the like in man. Consequently, it has become possible again to work out an explanation, based on machine theory, of various problems relating to man and philosophy.
    One of the characterisitics of machines containing “feedback” systems is that of “presentation”, a concept which was used idealistically and dialectically by Hegel and Marx and can serve as an aid in explaining the laws of hitorical and social movements. The problem of “subjectivity, ” which was the target of much criticism in older machine theories, is, thanks to the new theory, no longer a problem.
  • 沼野 一男
    1961 年 1961 巻 5 号 p. 13-31
    発行日: 1961/09/30
    公開日: 2009/09/04
    ジャーナル フリー
    A teaching machine is an educational tool designed to provide a program enabling a student to approach a desired educational activity by gradual steps and, by multiple reinforcements of the student's responses immediately after he has given them, to increase learning efficiency. Teaching machines deffer from audio-visual devices in that they envisage individual direction and provide an immediate feedback to the student's responses.
    The teaching machines which are now being used are divided into two types, according to their response mechanism : the Pressey model (Recognition system) and the Skinner model (construction system). The effective use of either or these models depends on appropriate programming of the teaching materials used. A “program” is so devised that the student is led to follow cues and prompts which gradually reduce the successive steps necessary for the learning of the apportioned material, which must be so arranged that the student can have his correct responses reinforced at each step and thus reach his learning goal.
    Teaching machines not only increase learning efficiency and reduce the teacher's burden but also make possible an empirical analysis of the learning process. As a consequence of this union of educational science and practice a shift in educational emphasis-from teacher-centered to student-centered learning-can be expected.
  • マルクス主義教育論における科学の位置
    永冶 日出雄
    1961 年 1961 巻 5 号 p. 32-42
    発行日: 1961/09/30
    公開日: 2009/09/04
    ジャーナル フリー
    「人間の安息を憎む神が、科学の発明者であった。エジプトからギリシァに伝えられた古い伝説はこう語っている。天文学は迷信から、雄弁術は野心、憎悪、追従、虚言から、幾何学は貪欲、物理学は空虚な好奇心から、すべてのものが、道徳そのもがすらが、人間の傲慢から生まれた。科学と芸術とはしたがってその誕生をわれわれの悪徳に負っている。もしもわれわれの美徳が生みだしたものならば、われわれはそれらの利益をこれほど疑問にはしないであろう。」 (1) いまからおよそ二百年前、ジャン・ジャックルソーはその有名な懸賞論文のなかで、科学と芸術をこう痛烈に弾劾した。このような科学の全面的否定は今日ではほとんどみられない。けれども、科学の発展と浸透にたいして不安と恐怖を感じ、科学と人間の矛盾を指摘する人は、けっしてすくなくないように思われる。たとえば、務台理作氏は科学と技術の進歩によって生活上の便宜が増大したことを認めつつ、「科学とその技術化の進歩に伴って、人間の物化・量化・平均化がいちじるしくなり、それに加えて失業と貧困への不安、人類とその文化の大半を絶滅させるかもしれない世界戦争への恐怖も生まれつついるではないか。要するに人間の非人間化が進められつついるではないか。」 (2) と述べておられる。原子戦争の危険やいわゆる「大衆社会」的現象を考えるならば、科学はルソーの時代にもまして疑惑の眼をもってみられ、弁明を迫られているといってよいであろう。
    しかし、科学への懐疑を消しきれぬままに、人々は日々の生活のなかにそれの成果を吸収せねばならない。人々は好むと好まざるにかかわらず、科学と技術の発展に相応した方策をとらざるをえない。教育の分野においても「各層の科学者と技術者の数を大巾にふやし、その教育の質を高めようという計画が、第二次大戦以後、とくに最近における、世界各国の科学技術政策ならびに教育政策の中心的な課題になってきている。」 (3) オートメーションの採用や原子力の利用による技術革新の波は、教育の領域にも押し寄せ、科学技術教育はいまや教育学の主要な論題の一つとなったのである。
    科学技術教育についての論義は科学と人間、科学と教育をどう考えるかにつながっている。科学にたいし不信の念をいだく人はこれについてもまた批判的な態度をとるであろう。この論文は科学技術教育の現状について具体的に論ずるのではないが、科学と教育についての思想をマルクス主義の古典のなかに追求し、それを整理することによって、この問題にたいする一つの基礎的な資料を提供しようとしている。われわれはまず科学の意義を人間の生活の全体との関係で理解し、つぎにマルクス主義の教育論のなかで科学がどのように位置づけられているかを検討することとしよう。
  • 香山 芳久
    1961 年 1961 巻 5 号 p. 43-58
    発行日: 1961/09/30
    公開日: 2010/01/22
    ジャーナル フリー
    In the education of modern schools scientific and art education hold a central place. However, if we look at the amount of time alloted to each. subject, we see that these two fields of study are merely treated as two in a string of subjects, just as they were in the schools of yesteryear despite the fact that there is no solid reason for so continuing.
    The reason for this lies in the fact that art education is not able to show a clearly outlined content when its purpose is compared with that of scientific education. Actually these two subjects, though both are based on a desire for the understanding of things, are very dissimilar in character. In scientific education abstract thinking and rationality are fostered, but the character of art education is to reject the tendency toward abstract thinking and to stress the direct apprehension of objects. Starting from the difference between these two kinds of education I consider what kind of gap is thereby produced in the student's thought.
  • 鈴木 慎一
    1961 年 1961 巻 5 号 p. 59-75
    発行日: 1961/09/30
    公開日: 2009/09/04
    ジャーナル フリー
    The theme of progressive and continuous growth, one of five conspicuous in the educational legislation of England, was the first to be formulated in the development of that country's education. Both social and individualistic factors are to be found therein.
    This them blends cosiderations of social justice which underline the norms of natural law embodied in the educational legislation with insistence on positive activity to provide a firm base for the solution of all the problems raised in the educational philosophy of our times. Hence, this first theme with its characteristically English conception of education as progressive and continuous growth may, by reason of its historical background and its positive attitude torards modern questions, be acknowledged as qualified for consideration as a proposition with claims for universal recognition. It may likewise be considered as a expression in the field of education of social justice for all. Finally, this first theme is ultimately reducible to the fifth them, that on freedom.
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