The pupal weight of the swallowtail butterfly (Papilio xuthus Linnaeus) was measured, to determine if there were distinguishable differences between non-hibernant, hibernant or parasitized pupae. Measurements were made of 80 pupae, including 18 hibernant, 29 non-hibernant, 24 parasitized and 9 diseased pupae. In the former 3 types of pupae, the weight decreased linearly with time after pupation, but at different rates (parasitized pupae > hibernant pupae >> non-hibernant pupae) . At eclosion, the pupal weight had decreased to about 90% of the initial value for the non-hibernant pupae, and about 85% for the hibernant pupae. The results indicate that the weight loss was quicker for the parasitized and non-hibernant pupae compared to the hibernant pupae, while the amount of weight loss at emergence was larger for the hibernant pupae than for the non-hibernant pupae.

In recent years in Japan, not a few southern butterflies have expanded their ranges northward. Around 2006, however, the palaearctic Lycaena phlaeas chinensis (C. Felder, 1862) moved southward to Yakushima, and the species seems to have become an established resident there. The present paper reports its expansion processes, and discusses the cause of this southward expansion.

A new thyridid genus Shafferiella is described, based on S. macarangae n. sp. as the type species. Adult specimens of the new species were collected from the larvae on Macaranga bancana and M. trachphylla (Euphorbiaceae) , also known as the ant plant, on Borneo Island, Malaysia. The immature stages are reported for the first time. Eggs are laid on the host leaf in a group, consisting of 83.3 eggs, on average. The egg is of the upright type, with distinct longitudinal ribs. The early instar larvae feed on the underside of the leaf of the host plant spinning a silken nest along leaf veins, and the mid- to last-instar larvae make cylindrical cases by cutting linearly and rolling up from the edge to the medial vein of the leaf, and live and feed inside the retreats. The larva has a globular sac inside the first abdominal segment, but the function of this organ remains unknown. Pupation takes place inside the lastinstar larval retreat after reinforcing one side of the retreat with woven silk. Characteristics of the male genitalia and wing markings of the new genus are discussed, in comparison with those of two related thyridid genera, Collinsa and Pharambara. The larval morphology and behavior are also discussed in relation to those of other thyridids.

Tinissa leguminella Yang and Li, 2012 is newly recorded from Japan (Yaku-shima, Kagoshima Prefecture) . The adult specimen and male genitalia of this species are illustrated with photographs.

A gracillariid moth, Macarostola zehntneri (Snellen, 1902) is newly recorded from Japan and Taiwan. The genital structures of this species are described for the first time. New host plants and larval habit are described with photographs. DNA barcode data of this species is provided for the first time.