This article provides an overview of the bottom-up process of EFL listening comprehension for native speakers of Japanese and traces some of its implications for application to listening education. First, I introduce two of my research studies of EFL segment perception, which identify consonants that are difficult to perceive at the initial and final positions of syllables, comparing learners’ differences in perception skills. Second, I briefly describe the general idea of a phonological loop and language-oriented components of working memory, describing previous research into perceptual units of spoken language, which are closely related to the span of the phonological loop. Third, I introduce our research into how the time domain factors of listening materials, such as articulation rate, speech rate, and pause duration, affect listening comprehension, outlining the positive effect of pause on listening comprehension. In conclusion, I discuss the application of these basic study results to English education.
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