After tunnel excavation and lining installed, the excess porepressures around tunnel dissipate over time, thus changing thesoil effective stresses and leading to additional, time-dependentdeformations. The deformation of soil around the tunnel canchange the internal forces in lining. This study focuses on theeffect of boundary conditions of advance face and lining on theinternal forces in lining after tunnel excavation. The numericalmodel with specific geological conditions is established and thetunneling process is modeled by a step-by-step excavationusing ABAQUS software. Four different cases were consideredin the numerical model including permeable or impermeableboundary conditions of the lining and the advance face. Fromthe calculation result the change mechanism of the internalforces in the lining after tunnel excavation are obtained. Whenthe lining is impermeable the internal forces in the liningchanges a little after tunnel excavation and when the lining ispermeable the internal forces increased is dramatic. When theadvance face is impermeable the increased internal forces inthe lining are larger and when the tunnel is buried in largepermeably soil the internal forces in the lining will be constantafter tunnel excavation.

View full abstract

Prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) have been used in finegrained soils remediation system to provide a higher flow rate.However, the migration and accumulation of the fine particles inthe soil result in the filter cake adjacent to the geotextile and thepore clogging in the geotextile. An analytical solution for soilflushing through a clogged geotextile with a filter cake isdeveloped. The results obtained by the proposed analyticalsolution agree well with those obtained from the finite differencemethod. Results from an illustrative example indicate that theformation of a filter cake at the surface of a geotextile is far moredisadvantageous to soil flushing than pore clogging within ageotextile. The 5-hour base concentration at the depth of z = 50mm for the case just considering the pore clogging in thegeotextile is just 1.06 times more than that assuming no filtercake and no pore clogging in the geotextile. When the poreclogging combined with a filter cake are considered, the 5-hourbase concentration at the depth of z = 50 mm increases by afactor of approximately 4.94.

View full abstract

This paper presents the cyclic direct simple shear (CDSS) tests to explain the long term cyclic behavior of marine soil deposits. Cyclic behavior of marine soil deposits depend on the number of loading cycles, vertical effective stress, cyclic shear strain amplitude, relative density, and cyclic and average shear stresses. In addition, the study investigates the effect of cyclic and average shear stresses on the cyclic behavior of marine soil deposits subjected to long term cyclic loading. Design graphs are plotted from the CDSS test results. These results are then modeled and can be used to design offshore structures such as offshore wind turbine foundations, and also used to assess the cyclic shear strength of soil beneath the foundation.

View full abstract

Relationship between space image and tourists' path selectionpatterns plays a very important role in landscape planning anddesign in scenic areas. Based on research of West Lake scenicarea in Hang Zhou, this article studies the small scale spacescenic images and big scale spatial structure images throughquestionnaire surveys, image recognition, image sketch, factoranalysis, dynamic observation and other methods. The resultsindicate that there are four main types of space activities amongthe West Lake tourists, namely (1) the general activity type inthe Bai Causeway and Su Causeway, (2) the general activitytype in the Sunset Glow at Leifeng Pagoda, (3) the surroundingactivity type in the Evening Bell at Nanping Hill, and (4) thesurrounding activity type in the Music Fountain Square; and theproportion score has it in order from high to low. The scoreresults of tourists' identifying picture and frequency of the fiveelements of space image in image maps are consistent with fourmain types of space activities observed by dynamic lines.Therefore, tourists' perception results of space image candirectly affect the route choice behavior. And the more imageelements can be perceived, the more reasonable path choicescan be made. Finally, the research puts forward somesuggestions tentatively on the planning and design of the WestLake area.

View full abstract

This study constructed the evaluation system frame ofecological and low-carbon Village through 6 factors which areplan management, Eco-environment, Infrastructure, economics,energy saving and characteristic appearance in terms of thevillage attributes in Zhejiang Province . As well as the weightcoming from the AHP method, and the judging method with theunity of the subjective and objective, a whole evaluation systemhas been made. This research chooses 2 different classicvillages in Zhejiang Province as a case study and uses theabove evaluation system to analyze and evaluate them, whichverifies the feasibility of the evaluation system. We hope ourstudy can promote the construction of the ecological and low-carbon Village and give some reference to the villagedevelopment in Zhejiang Province and even to the wholecountry.

View full abstract

The main objective of this study is to contemplate theawareness of entrepreneurs of sightseeing bus services as usedby Thai travelers for private group tours and field trips throughfour considerations including 1) provision of convenient and safebuses; 2) provision of customer service satisfaction; 3) provisionof experienced and well-behaved bus drivers; and 4) provisionof bus services under travel safety. The study was carried outthrough interviews with 25 bus company representatives andfound that factors which were raised the highest priority byentrepreneurs are provision of bus drivers having a valid drivinglicense matching the vehicle type according to law and theprovision of regular bus cleaning service. While a factor relatedto the provision of auto massage seats for relaxation wasoverlooked by all respondents. Moreover, the research teamclassified factors into 5 groups from A to E (highest to lowestawareness) using clustering analysis possibly making it easierto develop policy interventions appropriate with awareness ofeach entrepreneur group.

View full abstract

Lacking evaluation systems, urban renewal for traditionalneighborhoods has caused serious problems, hindering theurbanization process in East China. Based on the study of theevaluation system with regard to traditional neighborhoodrenewal and sustainable community development, this papercompares two current sustainable community developmentrating systems and the adjusting tasks and achievements in thecase project. This paper argues that introducing a sustainablecommunity development rating system is a feasible andworkable approach to urban renewal evaluation for thetraditional neighborhood. The paper extracts the related criteriafrom the two rating systems and applies them to the design inthe case project. The subsequent results verify the necessityand practicality of this approach.

View full abstract