Genetic studies have been made on the isoniazid resistance-system of Mycobac-terium tuberculosis var. hominis, strain Aoyama-B.
It has been suggested that the isoniazid resistance-system consists of two genes, a chief factor and a conditional factor. A lower level of resistance (up to 50 μg/ml.) is produced by mutation of one gene (INH-L) and a higher level of resistance (up to 400 μg/ml.) is produced by double mutations of two genes (INH-L and INH-h).

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For the counting of viable marine bacteria, ZoBell(4) developed a medium composed of marine water, Bacto-peptone, ferric phosphate and Bacto-agar, to obtain the highest count of aerobic halophiles. However, he did not observe any increase in the number of viable cells with the addition of fish extract and glucose. Katz-nelson(5) studied the nutritional requirement of halophiles and observed that a halophilic Vibrio grew well in a basal medium composed of casamino acid, cystine, tryptophane, inorganic salts, succinate and citrate. Growth was stimulated by the addition of ribonucleic acid or its pyrimidines, uracil and cystosine. The halophilic Pseudomonas was somewhat favored by the presence or deoxyribonucleic acid. Similar results were observed by Flannery(8), who attempted the simplification of the syn-thetic medium for the cultivation of halophiles. The authors therefore concluded from the present experiment that the pathogenic halophiles, supposedly belonging to Pseudomonas or Vibrio, did not require definite essential factors. According to the results of Koser et al.(10). Robinson(11) and Ohsawa(12), Pseudomonas aeruginosa grew well in a medium containing no growth factors. It is well known that Vibrio choleraegrows well simply in peptone water, and Kuwahara(13) observed a stimulating effect of potassium α-naphthyl acetate on the growth of V. cholerae.
From the results of ZoBell(4) and Flannery(8), they conclude that the halophiles, presumably resembling our pathogens, usually grow well in peptone or casamino acids. In the present experiment, the authors concluded that strain N4 grows well in casein acidhydrolyte and slightly poorly in tryptophane plus cystine, and strain EB102 grows in casein acidhydrolyte but not in the other two amino-acids. Both of these strains can not utilize nitrate as a source of nitrogen. Although the patho-genic halophiles grew in a 3 per cent sodium chloride Simmons' citrate medium containing ammonium(3) as a sole source of nitrogen, succesive culture was not done at that time. In a synthetic medium containing 15 to 16 amino-acids, strain N4 grew well, while strain EB102 grew poorly in a few exception. This suggests that a favourable element is present in the casein acidhydrolyte to promote the growth of EB102. The effect of each amino-acid on the growth pattern was not studied in this elimination procedure, but it would be performed in the future using syn-thetic media containing fewer amino-acids.
The effects of various nitrogen source on P. aeruginosa were observed by Koser et al.(10) using ammonium; Robinson(11) on ammontum, nitrate and amino-acids; and Ohsawa(12) on ammonium and amino-acids, but not on nitrate. The capability of P. aeruginosa to assimilate ammonihm was confirmed by Hulton-Frandel et al.(14), Sandiford(15), and Young(16). Kuwahara(13) observed the growth of many strains of V. cholerae in a defined medium composed of ammonium, glucose and glutamic acid.

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1. The venom of Trimeresurus flavoviridis contains two proteolytic enzymes; Hα and Hβ proteinases. Hα-proteinase was partially purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation.
2. Hα-proteinase was completely inhibited by cysteine, EDTA and antiserum.EDTA, cysteine and antiserum also inhibited Hβ-proteinase.
3. Hα-proteinase was able to bring about the drastic necrosis with hemorrhage, which was not differentiated histophthologically from that caused by the crude venom.
4. These necrotoxic effects of Hα-proteinase and crude venom were repressed by EDTA, cysteine and antiserum.

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1) It can be recognized that Pc and Pv, the mutants from S. sendai (71) phage Krh strain, produce the so-called pin hole plaque on the original indicator Sg (S. gallinarum Akita strain). 2) Analysing the agent concerning the pin hole plaque formation of these P-mutants, the authors could detect specific agent inactivating the P-mutant particles in the bouillon culture filtrate of Sg, which is presumed to play at the same time the most important role in the formation of pin hole plaque of these mutants. 3) While the indicator Sg/z, which is one of the phage resistant strains obta-ined from the original indicator Sg, and on which Pc and Pv produce an ordinal large plaque similar to that of the original phage strain Krh does not elute such a specific agent in its bouillon culture filtrate. 4) This agent is not only eluted in bouillon culture but also into the mere saline washings or somatic extracts of Sg, thermostable and can be specifically neu-tralized by anti-Sg serum. 5) This agent is closely related with the salmonella O antigen (XII) and also exists in various strains of A, B and D group of salmonella besides in indicator Sg. Phage particles Pc and Pv can be specifically adsorbed onto the bacterial bodies of these strains, and on the other hand, the specific inactivating agent can be de-tected in their bouillon culture filtrate or their somatic extracts. 6) However, a series of B group salmonella provided with antigen (XXVII) besides (XII) for example S. abortus bovis and all strains of C group lacking in (XII) are not quite concerned with this agent. 7) On the other hand, the O antisera against the representative strains of salmonella group A, B and D have a specific neutralizing ability to the function of this agent, while the antisera against S. paratyphi C or S. abortus bovis have no such ability. Although these evidences are those recognized in very distinctive phage samples, they are considered to provide very interesting and important materials to the pro-blem of phage-host relationship. Ultimately, they can be presumed to reveal a specific role as phage receptor of bacterial antigen which is played in the adsorption of some type phages to their host bacteria. Also they report one of the most remarkable cases in which the strict correla-tion can be seen between the specific phage inactivating agent and the bacterial antigen, and this specific agent is concerned in pin hole plaque formation and ex-tremely low efficiency of plating. On the other hand, they can be important in providing a very suggestive da-tum concerning the essential nature of salmonella antigen (XII) or antigen complex (XII: XXVII).

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The action of human gamma globulin on encephalitis viruses was studied. The gamma globulin preparations used in the present study neutralized in vitro definitely Japanese B encephalitis virus, and also, in certain conditions, exhibited a therapeutic effect on experimental JBE infection of mice. Such antiviral activities, however, were not observed in the experiments similarly performed with St. Louis encephalitis virus. Virological significance of the results obtained have been discussed.

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The effect of NDV on Yoshida sarcoma in vivo and in vitro was examined, and the following results were obtained:
1. The oncolytic effect of NDV against Yoshida sarcoma by implantation of mixture of tumor cells and NDV was confirmed.
2. When 10^-4 diluted virus was used, oncolysis did not occur, but when NDV original, 10^-1, 10^-2 diluted and concentrated was used, the Yoshida sarcoma oncolysis was observed.
3. Oncolysis was confirmed when virus inoculation was performed on the 2nd day after tumor implantation.
4. Even when NDV was inoculated continuously for a week, there was no further oncolysis from a single inoculation.
5. In case of subcutaneous implantations of tumor cells and NDV mixture, there were no remarkable differences upon tumor growth between virus added groups and tumor control groups.
6. The Yoshida sarcoma oncolysis did not occur with inactivated NVD.
7. The Yoshida sarcoma oncolysis was also shown by NDV in mice.
8. No propagation of NDV on Yoshida sarcoma was shown in vivo.
9. The Yoshida sarcoma cell destruction by NDV also occurred in tissue culture. The amount of cell destruction depended on the virus concentrations. In vitro, virus multiplication was demonstrated 72 hours after inoculation.

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The distributions of S³⁵-methionine incorporated into the subcellular fractions of Pseudomonas fluorescens A3-12, which was forced to synthesize some inducible enzymes, were studied. The cells were prompted to form l-mandelic acid oxidase, benzoic acid oxidase, or pyrocatecase.
It could concluded that the insoluble fraction prepared by the ‘direct lysis’ of bacteria plays an important role in the incorporation of amino acids.
The opposite relationship in distribution of S³⁵-methionine between the insoluble and the soluble fraction for mandelic acid oxidase and pyrocatecase formations was discussed.

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The endotoxin of Salmonella enteritidis was prepared and characterized by biological and chemical methods. The fate of the endotoxin in mouse tissues was studied histochemically, using the double-layer method of fluorescein-labelled antibody technique (Coons). The most prominent area where endotoxin was localized is in the cells of the reticulo-endothelial system, particularly the Kupffer cells of the liver and the large round cells of the splenic red pulp. In addition, the endotoxin was detected in the vessel endothelium of various organs. The distribution of the endotoxin was limited to the cytoplasm, but not to the nucleus. Studies on the persistence of the endotoxin in the tissues were performed with an intravenous injection of 0.5 mg per mouse. It remained for approximately 12 weeks in the hepatic Kupffer cells. The minimum dose of the endotoxin which produced detectable localization was 0.01 to 0.02 mg. The relationship of the localization of the endotoxin to the biological activity, including Shwartzman phenomenon and tumordamaging effects, was discussed.

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1. The "fish-killing factor" produced in peptone solution by Proteus vulgaris was extremely labile to heat. Momentary boiling was sufficient to reduce its toxicity to about 1/10. A marked reduction in the toxicity was observed even after heating at 56°C for 30 min.
2. The toxic factor was also very sensitive to acid. When HCl was present in the concentration of N/10, the toxicity was reduced to about 1/10 after 3 hours at the laboratory temperature.
3. In contrast to acid, alkali (N/10 NaOH) failed to affect the factor. The factor was not only unaffected by alkali, but it was rather stabilized by it. Its des truction by boiling was lessened by the presence of NaOH.
4. Oxidizing agents, such as KMnO₄ and I, exerted no effect upon the factor. Reducing agents, such as Na₂SO₃ and NaNO₂, had also no influence.
5. When the toxic factor was formed, the culture solution yielded NH₃ upon boiling. The amount of NH₃ increased as the toxic factor production was advanced. But it seemed that the NH₃ was not involved in the factor itself.
6. It is discussed that this factor cannot be regarded as a kind of bacterial toxin.

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Heat activated fresh or aged non-germinated spores of B. subtilis (PCI 219) have no activity of glucose dehydrogenase.
The whole cells of the germinated spores which were incubated in meat infusion broth for 10 min. at 37°C, oxidize glucose, gluconate, G-6-P and 6-PG. The cellfree extracts of the germinated spores oxidize glucose with the addition of DPN and TPN, G-6-P with TPN, and 6-PG with TPN, but they do not oxidize gluconate with TPN.
Glucose dehydrogenase in the germinated spores is more dependent upon TPN than DPN. The activity of glucose dehydrogenase is stimulated by CH₂ICOOH.
Ruptured aged spores do not show any activity of glucose dehydrogenase, even if they are incubated with germinating agents.
Appearance of gluconate oxidation presents the possibility of the existence of an enzyme precursor of gluconate dehydrogenase.

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Using semisynthetic media, experiments were carried out on the nutritional requirements of Vibrio El Tor, and the following results were obtained.
1. Ammonium salts could not be utilized as the nitrogen source for both strains.
2. A 0.1% glucose concentration was adequate.
3. A M/40 phosphate concentration was adequate and the addition of less than 100 γ/ml MgSO₄•7H₂O enhanced its growth.
4. The addition of 7 vitamins into a semisynthetic medium inhibited its growth.
5. Each of 3 purines, adenine, guanine and xanthine, remarkably enhanced its early growth, and there were scarcely any differences among them. Also, adenosine had the same degree of stimulatory effect.
6. The production of hemolysin in the culture filtrate was influenced by theaddition of the purine, and in broth culture. The hemolytic titer was higher despite an inferior growth of the organism.

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The difference in the nature of live vaccine (R type) and killed vaccine im-munizations in experimental typhoid was investigated by observing bacterial multi-plication and host cell response in immunized mice after an intraperitoneal infection with Salmonella enteritidis.
Bacterial multiplication in the spleen was markedly inhibited after the 1st day by the live vaccine immunization, while the infecting organisms in the local body fluid was rapidly killed at the early stage (before 12 hours) in mice immunized with heat-killed vaccine. On the contrary, no inhibition of bacterial multiplication in the spleen after the 1st day was observed in the killed vaccine-immunized mice, nor the decrease in bacterial number in the local body fluid at the early stage in the live vaccine-immunized mice. Inhibition of bacterial multiplication in the pa-renchymal organs of mice seemed to be essential for the protection against mouse typhoid, since the mortality was greatly reduced by the live vaccine immunization.
No marked change in total and differential counts of the locally mobilized cells was observed in mice immunized with the killed vaccine. The host cell response in the live vaccine-immunized mice showed similar tendency to that of the control mice. However, in the former the increase in the number of polymorphonuclear cells was more extensive at an early stage and the ratio between monocytes and polymorphonuclear cells returned to normal more rapidly at later.

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