Thirteen Salmonella enteritidis and S. typhimurium strains with smooth or rough colony morphology were investigated for their surface properties based on hemagglutination (HA), hydrophobicity, and fibronectin-binding profiles. The strains showed 5 different patterns of HA which was mannose-sensitive. The rough strains possessed comparatively greater number of fimbriae than the corresponding smooth strains and also attached to human intestinal cells in greater numbers. The Salmonella strains used in this study interacted with fibronectin and its 29-kDa N-terminal fragment to varied extents. These properties may be helpful in broadening the prospective interaction capabilities of Salmonella organisms with the host surfaces.

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To clarify the pathogenesis of Bordetella in vivo infection, the tracheal epithelia of mice were examined in detail by electron microscopy at various intervals after intranasal inoculation with graded doses of phase I Bordetella bronchiseptica. In mice infected with a lethal dose (6 to 7×10⁷CFU), a remarkable rupture of the cell membranes of cilia and microvilli of the middle trachea was found on day I postinfection. The rupture of the membrane was observed over the entire tracheal epithelia, on day 2 after infection. The affected cilia were constricted at the transitional region and were broken off. In the ciliated cells the adherence of organisms to ciliary apexes and colonization in the interciliary spaces were also remarkable. In both the ciliated and nonciliated epithelial cells, the cytoplasmic vacuolation and pyknosis or karyorrehexis were also notable. In mice infected with one-tenth of the lethal dose, similar findings were seen, but appeared more slowly and the bacteria were not seen attaching to ciliary apexes. In mice receiving one-hundredth of the lethal dose, only mild cilial abnormality such as aggregation of cilia, and slight cytoplasmic vacuolation were found 6 days postinfection. Based on these findings, a possible mechanism of the ciliary damages produced by B. bronchiseptica was postulated.

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A study of the relationship between mycobacterial species and their carotenoid pigments was carried out. According to the carotenoid pigments contained, the mycobacterial species tested were divided into four groups: the first group of Mycobacterium kansasii and M. marinum, which formed principally only β-carotene; the second group of M. gordonae, M. scrofulaceum, M. szulgai, M. xenopi, M. flavescens, M. phlei, M. rhodesiae, M. neoaurum, and M. aichiense, which formed β-carotene and a zeaxanthin-like substance; the third group of M. aurum and M. obuense, which formed β-carotene and an eschscholtzxanthin-like substance; and the fourth group of M. chubuense and M. tokaiense, which formed β-carotene and zeaxanthin- and eschscholtzxanthin-like substances. The common carotenoid pigment throughout the genus Mycobacterium was β-carotene and the hypophasic carotenoids differed according to the species.

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The R-form lipopolysaccharide from Klebsiella pneumoniae strain LEN-111 (O3-:K1-), from which cationic material had been removed by electrodialysis, was previously shown to form a hexagonal lattice structure with the lattice constant of 14 to 15nm when suspended in 50mM tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane buffer at pH 8.5 containing 10mM Mg²⁺. Under this experimental condition, effects of other divalent metal cations on the hexagonal assembly of the electrodialyzed LPS were compared with that of Mg²⁺. The Zn²⁺, Hg²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Ni²⁺ could produce essentially the same hexagonal lattice structure with the lattice constant of 14.5 to 15.0nm as that formed with Mg²⁺. The Cd²⁺, Co²⁺, and Fe²⁺ produced the hexagonal lattice structure with the lattice constant of 15.5 to 16.0nm, and Ba²⁺ Sr²⁺, and Ca²⁺ produced that with the lattice constant of 18 to 19nm. In addition, the hexagonal lattice structures formed with the latter three cations were less orderly than those formed with the other cations. When the higher concentrations of Ba²⁺, Sr²⁺, and Ca²⁺ were used, the lattice constants were not shortened. The length of lattice constants of the hexagonal lattice structures formed with the divalent cations did not relate to the quantity of the cations bound to the LPS. Among the divalent cations tested, Hg²⁺ was bound to the LPS in the smallest amount (its atomic ratio to P, 0.07), and Zn²⁺ and Fe²⁺ were bound in very large amounts (their atomic ratios to P, 2.94 and 8.28, respectively).

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Two T-cell lines, TALL-1 and CCRF-CEM, were infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), strain LAV, to explore the time course of the appearance of various virus specific antigens, and to establish an antibody assay system by indirect immunofluorescence (IF). These cells were infected with LAV at two different input multiplicity of infection (MOI). Antigens were tested by Western blot analysis (WB) and IF. Antigens for WB were extracted from the infected cells at various times after infection, but pooled sera of American HIV carriers could not recognize gp41 or gp160. Antigen expression was highest in CCRF-CEM, but, as the antigen for IF, TALL-1 infected at the MOI of 8.0 was the most suitable 7 days after infection, because it includes a fairly large number of uninfected cells, which served as the internal control.

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Recombinant human interferon-gammas (rHuIFN-γs) were obtained from two different mammalian cells (mouse C127 cells and Chinese hamster ovary, CHO, cells) cultured in a microcarrier culture system. Both rHuIFN-γs were purified using sequential chromatographies for their comparison of structural properties. The peptide maps of HuIFN-γs digested with V8 protease and Western blot analysis demonstrated that C127 cells yielded mainly about 25kDa component and CHO cells produced about 25kDa and about 20kDa components. By the identification of glycosylated peptides, it was suggested that 20kDa and 25kDa components are glycosylated at one and at two sites, respectively. C-terminal amino acid sequence analysis indicated that both rHuIFN-γs consisted of at least six different species lacking 2 to 16 amino acid residues from C-terminus, so that C-termini of both rHuIFN-γs were slightly different from each other.
Amino acid sequence and composition analyses of N-terminal peptides demonstrated that N-termini of both rHuIFN-γs were blocked and were supposed to be identical with that of natural HuIFN-γ. These results suggested that different molecular heterogeneities of rHuIFN-γs resulted from the difference of post-translational modifications of host cells.

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A cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response to dengue virus-infected target cells is described. Effector cells were generated in an in vitro secondary culture and appeared to be T cells possessing both the Lyt 1.1 and Lyt 2.1 surface antigens. A stronger CTL response was noted with the H-2k haplotype compared to H-2d, and H-2 compatibility was required between CTL and target cells. CTL generated showed some cross-reactivity with target cells infected with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), another flavivirus, but not with target cells infected with an alphavirus, Sindbis. The significance and importance of these findings are discussed.

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T cells are stimulated by autologous non-T cells and interleukin 2 (IL-2) is produced in the conventional autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction (AMLR) in young healthy controls. The role of cells with natural killer (NK) cell markers (OKM₁⁺ cells or Leu 7⁺ cells) in the AMLR was studied. There were significant inverse correlations between the percentage of input OKM₁⁺ cells minus monocyte (OKM₁⁺ NK cells) and either AMLR proliferation (γ=-0.9, P<0.001) or IL-2 production (γ=-0.75, P<0.01) in the AMLR cultures after 7 days measured at 7 days. A statistically significant correlation was observed between the percentage of input Leu 7⁺ cells and AMLR proliferation (γ=-0.64, P<0.05), but not IL-2 production. These results suggest that the AMLR is controlled by OKM₁⁺ NK, perhaps acting through IL-2 regulation.

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The synthesis and deposition of 22, 000-dalton (22K) spore coat protein were examined immunochemically on the sporulating cells of Bacillus megaterium ATCC 12872 using the antibody to purified 22K spore coat protein. This antibody cross-reacted with 44K and 25K proteins in immunoblot analysis of dormant spore coat proteins. Immunoblot analysis on the sporulating cells showed that 22K protein was detected from t₈ in forespore coat protein fractions. Sandwich enzyme immunoassay revealed that 22K protein in the spore coat protein fraction appeared at t₆ and reached a plateau at t₉, and 22K protein in the mother cell cytoplasmic fraction was detected at only t₇ and t₈ at a very low level.

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When mouse polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) sensitized with rabbit antibody to mouse Ehrlich ascites tumor cells were stimulated by Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I cells, a conspicuous luminol-dependent chemiluminescence was observed in the absence of opsonin. The profile of the chemiluminescence (CL) response evoked by staphylococcal cells from antibody-sensitized PMNs had two peaks. An initial peak, observed within 1min after stimulation, was sharp and high and a second peak, observed about 5min after stimulation, was low and extended. The CL response of antibody-sensitized PMNs stimulated by S. aureus Cowan I cells was dose-dependently blocked by preincubation with soluble SpA. Cells of a mutant derived from S. aureus Cowan I strain with trace amounts of cell-bound SpA failed to stimulate the antibody-sensitized PMNs to generate the CL response. The antibody-sensitized PMNs were found to phagocytize SpA-bearing S. aureus cells even in the absence of opsonic serum. These results suggest that the observation presented here might provide a useful tool for the investigation of CL response of PMNs.

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A case of lung infection caused by an unusual strain of Nocardia farcinica is reported. This is the third case of the N. farcinica infection in this country. The strain failed to utilize rhamnose as sole carbon source, but could be identified by a numerical identification method. The mycolic acids contained 1-3 double bonds and the numbers of the carbon atoms of the mycolic acids were 50 to 60, average 56.

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Bovine herpes mammillitis virus has been shown to partially protect guinea pigs against primary genital herpes simplex virus type 2 infections, further confirming the immunologic cross-reactivity of these two viruses.

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