MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS
Online ISSN : 1347-5320
Print ISSN : 1345-9678
ISSN-L : 1345-9678
63 巻, 3 号
選択された号の論文の18件中1~18を表示しています
Regular Article
Materials Physics
  • Kazuma Ito, Yuta Tanaka, Hideaki Sawada
    原稿種別: Regular Article
    2022 年 63 巻 3 号 p. 269-277
    発行日: 2022/03/01
    公開日: 2022/02/25
    [早期公開] 公開日: 2022/02/04
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    A prediction method for grain boundary segregation using a nano-polycrystalline grain boundary model is applied to the grain boundary segregation of Cr and Mn in bcc-Fe polycrystals for which experimental results exist, and the validity of the prediction method is verified. In this prediction method, focusing on the fact that the atomic structure of grain boundaries is almost independent of grain size, grain boundaries of polycrystals with grain sizes of the order of micrometers are modeled as grain boundaries of nano-polycrystals, for which structural relaxation calculations by molecular dynamics calculations are possible. For this grain boundary model, the grain boundary segregation energy of each site is calculated exhaustively using the interatomic potential. In addition, the average amount of grain boundary segregation in the polycrystal is calculated from the obtained grain boundary segregation energy. With this prediction method, the average amounts of grain boundary segregation and segregation energies of Cr and Mn in bcc-Fe polycrystals can be calculated and compared with the experimental results. Calculated results for both elements reproduced the experimental results well, suggesting that this prediction method is also effective in predicting the grain boundary segregation of other solute elements.

     

    This Paper was Originally Published in Japanese in J. Japan Inst. Met. Mater. 85 (2021) 421–429.

Microstructure of Materials
  • Tomohiro Nagata, Kohei Takeda, Hiroki Adachi, Kazuhiro Ishikawa, Yoji ...
    原稿種別: Regular Article
    2022 年 63 巻 3 号 p. 278-285
    発行日: 2022/03/01
    公開日: 2022/02/25
    [早期公開] 公開日: 2022/01/21
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    Electrical resistivity and Vickers hardness of Alloy 625 due to cold rolling were measured, and, discussed with the microstructural change obtained using electron backscattered diffraction and X-ray diffraction. Both increase in dislocation density and grain subdivision due to rolling was observed. Although the electrical resistivity of the normal pure metals increases with increasing the rolling reduction, that of Alloy 625 initially decreased with increasing the rolling reduction of 70%. Then, the electrical resistivity slightly increased with increasing the rolling reduction of 80%. Up to the rolling reduction of 70%, the reduction of electrical resistivity is associated with K-effect, which is the destroy of the short-range ordered domain due to the plastic deformation. On the other hand, Vickers hardness increased with increasing the rolling reduction. It was associated with the contribution of grain refinement, dislocation, solid solution, and sort-range order strengthening.

     

    This Paper was Originally Published in Japanese in J. Japan Inst. Met. Mater. 85 (2021) 391–398. Section 2.2 was slightly modified.

    Fig. 7 Schematic illustration of (a) K-effect before and after rolling, and (b) short range ordered domain before and after cut by a dislocation. Fullsize Image
  • Naohiro Saruwatari, Kohki Yasue, Yoshihiro Nakayama
    原稿種別: Regular Article
    2022 年 63 巻 3 号 p. 286-293
    発行日: 2022/03/01
    公開日: 2022/02/25
    [早期公開] 公開日: 2022/02/04
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    This study aimed to understand the microstructural changes with reversion treatment in a 6061 aluminum alloy, such as dissolution of clusters formed during low temperature pre-aging. The specimens subjected to a solution treatment for 1.8 ks at 803 K and then pre-aged at 283 K for 604.8 ks were reheated under various temperature and time conditions. When reheated at 423 K, the hardness of the alloy specimen after reheating increased compared with that immediately after low temperature pre-aging. It was suggested that while the cluster dissolution hardly occurred during the reheating at 423 K, the formation of a strengthening phase from the supersaturated solid solution and transformation of some of the Mg–Si clusters formed during the low temperature pre-aging into the strengthening phase have occurred. In the case of reheating for 1 and 10 s at 523 K, which is commonly used as the reversion treatment temperature, the hardness of the final-aged specimen increased to the same level as that without low temperature pre-aging, indicating that the negative effect of two-step aging was mitigated. The mitigation of the negative effect was considered to be owing to microstructural changes, such as cluster dissolution, transformation of the Si-rich clusters, and precipitation of the strengthening phase during reheating at 523 K. Reheating above 573 K reduced the amount of age-hardening in the final-aging owing to the precipitation during the reheating. From these results, it is suggested that the adequate amount of solute atoms concentration in the matrix corresponding to that after a solution treatment could not be realized by the conventional reversion treatment.

    Schematic diagram of the existence of phases and the number of solute atoms in the matrix after reheating for 10 s. Fullsize Image
Mechanics of Materials
  • Kuniyuki Miyazaki, Tetsuji Ohno, Takashi Takehara, Hiroyuki Imaizumi
    原稿種別: Regular Article
    2022 年 63 巻 3 号 p. 294-303
    発行日: 2022/03/01
    公開日: 2022/02/25
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    Polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bits have been widely used in oil and gas well drilling and have recently also begun to be used in geothermal well drilling. In the present study, the drilling performance and wear of a PDC bit were assessed by laboratory drilling tests. The correlation between the progress of bit wear and some indexes of rock abrasivity was discussed referring to the test results. The rate of penetration was formulated as a function of weight on the bit using the drilling test results for other PDC bits with the same geometric design as that used in the present study and introducing a parameter that represents the drilling performance of the bit. The parameter was found to be exponentially reduced with the wear volume of the polycrystalline diamond layer. The parameter was also found to be associated with the drilled rock type.

    Drilling performance a versus wear volume of PCD layer Vwd. Fullsize Image
  • Toyohisa Shinmiya, Yuji Yamasaki, Hiroto Miyake, Jiro Hiramoto
    原稿種別: Regular Article
    2022 年 63 巻 3 号 p. 304-310
    発行日: 2022/03/01
    公開日: 2022/02/25
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    Dimensional accuracy defects caused by springback behavior are one of the serious problems in press forming for automobile parts using ultrahigh-strength steel sheets. In particular, in hat-shaped parts curved in the longitudinal direction, camber back, which is a kind of springback behavior, occurs. In this study, in order to suppress camber back, a new press-forming method that can impart in-plane compression stress was investigated using parts with a simple hat-shaped section and a W-shaped section simulating automotive parts. As a result, it was found that the amount of camber back decreases on applying compression stress in the longitudinal direction, because the bending moment caused by the difference between stress in the punch bottom area and that in the flange area was reduced. It was also clarified that the sensitivity of the amount of camber back to tensile strength was lowered when this forming method was used. Furthermore, a forming method in which buckling in both ends under a high compression condition can be prevented was developed.

     

    This Paper was Originally Published in Japanese in J. JSTP 60 (2019) 161–166.

    Fig. 7 Relationship between compression rate and amount of camber back. Fullsize Image
  • Kinya Nakagawa, Yuji Yamasaki, Yoshikiyo Tamai, Jiro Hiramoto
    原稿種別: Regular Article
    2022 年 63 巻 3 号 p. 311-318
    発行日: 2022/03/01
    公開日: 2022/02/25
    [早期公開] 公開日: 2022/02/04
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    The formability of steel sheets must be improved in order to form complicated car parts. Multistep forming is one way to improve formability. Although the shape after preforming can influence formability in the main step of multistep forming, no relationship has been reported between the shape after preforming and the final shape in stretch forming.

    In this study, circular truncated cones were formed by a two-step forming process consisting of preforming and main forming with combinations of various shapes after preforming and final shapes in order to investigate the effect of the shape after preforming on the forming limit in main forming. The results confirmed that the forming limit height in main forming is affected by the preforming shape. It was also found that the forming limit height in main forming is determined by the central cross-sectional line length of the shape after preforming.

     

    This Paper was Originally Published in Japanese in J. JSTP 61 (2020) 87–92. Abstract was slightly modified.

    Fig. 13 Relationship between central cross-sectional line length after preforming and main forming (DMDP). Fullsize Image
  • Hanqing Liu, Fabien Briffod, Takayuki Shiraiwa, Manabu Enoki, Satoshi ...
    原稿種別: Regular Article
    2022 年 63 巻 3 号 p. 319-328
    発行日: 2022/03/01
    公開日: 2022/02/25
    [早期公開] 公開日: 2022/01/21
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    Acoustic emission (AE) methods with supervised and unsupervised machine learning were applied to investigate deformation behaviors of Mg–Y–Zn alloys and Ti–12Mo alloy with mille-feuille-like structure. In the supervised learning process, AE signals received from compression tests with pure magnesium and directionally solidified (DS) Mg85Zn6Y9 alloy with long-period stacking ordered (LPSO) structure were used as the training data to build a classification model for classifying AE sources from α-Mg phase and LPSO phase in Mg–Y–Zn alloys. In the unsupervised learning process, AE signals data from Ti–12Mo alloy were divided into two clusters according to the frequency spectrum features, and digital image correlation (DIC) was carried out to study those clusters and deformation behaviors. Deformation behavior of Mg–Y–Zn alloys and Ti–12Mo alloy were compared and discussed, and the method of applying AE with supervised and unsupervised machine learning was evaluated.

Materials Chemistry
  • Hanako Shimamoto, Shigeru Unami, Masashi Mizukami, Kazue Kurihara
    原稿種別: Regular Article
    2022 年 63 巻 3 号 p. 329-334
    発行日: 2022/03/01
    公開日: 2022/02/25
    [早期公開] 公開日: 2022/01/21
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    Iron-based powder mixtures for the powder metallurgy process commonly contain solid lubricants. Both zinc stearate (ZnSt) and N,N′-ethylenebis(stearamide) (EBS), which are conventional lubricants in this field, exhibit similarly adequate lubrication performance. However, their effects on powder mixture flowability are different; that is, powder mixtures containing ZnSt exhibit better flowability than ones containing EBS. In this study, the adhesive and frictional properties of five surface combinations (iron–iron, iron–EBS, iron–ZnSt, EBS–EBS, and ZnSt–ZnSt) were investigated using surface force and resonance shear measurements. The adhesive forces obtained for all combinations were almost the same. On the other hand, the frictional forces for the iron–EBS and EBS–EBS combinations obtained from resonance shear measurement were larger than the others under low applied loads (<ca. 1.0 mN). This result suggests that the frictional properties of lubricants under low applied loads determine the powder mixture flowability.

     

    This Paper was Originally Published in Japanese in J. Jpn. Soc. Powder Metallurgy 66 (2019) 554–559.

  • Akira Nagaoka, Kiyomi Nose, Kana Nokami, Haruhiko Kajimura
    原稿種別: Regular Article
    2022 年 63 巻 3 号 p. 335-342
    発行日: 2022/03/01
    公開日: 2022/02/25
    [早期公開] 公開日: 2022/02/04
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    On free surfaces without crevice structures, micro pits of several micrometers in diameter that are repassivated immediately are called metastable pits. The role of the micro pit as an initiation site of crevice corrosion was examined by comparing the metastable pitting corrosion potential (V′cMS) of SUS304 stainless steel measured on the free surface with the critical potential for crevice corrosion (VCREV). VCREV presented the similar value to V′cMS. It was also revealed that micro pits, as well as SUS304 stainless steel surface, were hard to be repassivated at pH ≤ 2.0, meaning that micro pits can be initiation sites of crevice corrosions. Investigating Cl concentration and pH dependencies on each potential, the influences of these factors were also examined in terms of the contribution to a crevice corrosion initiation. Cl ions, which have V′cMS and VCREV less noble, will directly contribute to a crevice corrosion initiation by facilitating micro pit initiations. pH decrease accelerating passive dissolution would promote a crevice corrosion initiation indirectly by increasing Cl migration into a crevice structure.

     

    This Paper was Originally Published in Zairyo-to-Kankyo 70 (2021) 32–39. The captions of Figs. 4, 7 are slightly modified.

    Fig. 13 The relationships between V′cMS, V′c100 and VCREV at estimated Cl concentration in crevice solution. Fullsize Image
  • Ryota Tsukuda, Satoshi Ohhashi, Ya Xu, Chikashi Nishimura, Satoshi Kam ...
    原稿種別: Regular Article
    2022 年 63 巻 3 号 p. 343-350
    発行日: 2022/03/01
    公開日: 2022/02/25
    [早期公開] 公開日: 2022/02/04
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    The catalytic hydrogenation of acetylene over crystalline CeNi2 and amorphous CeNi2Hx was investigated. CeNi2 was found to undergo a transformation to an amorphous phase after exposure to 0.35 MPa hydrogen at 25°C. Both crystalline CeNi2 and amorphous CeNi2Hx without exposure to air showed minimal catalytic activity. These results indicated that the hydrogen-induced amorphization of CeNi2Hx does not result in an increase of catalytic activity and that the absorbed hydrogen in CeNi2Hx was minimally active. After exposure to air, both materials were found to catalyze the hydrogenation of acetylene, suggesting that surface oxidation was a prerequisite. Amorphous CeNi2Hx also exhibited higher catalytic activity than crystalline CeNi2 and provided complete conversion of acetylene at 125°C. Both the crystalline CeNi2 and amorphous CeNi2Hx were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis and transmission electron microscopy. Amorphous CeNi2Hx was more readily oxidized and formed a dense surface nanostructure that provided superior catalytic activity. Amorphous CeNi2Hx is evidently a better catalytic precursor for acetylene hydrogenation than crystalline CeNi2.

Materials Processing
  • Koki Okada, Akio Nishimoto
    原稿種別: Regular Article
    2022 年 63 巻 3 号 p. 351-356
    発行日: 2022/03/01
    公開日: 2022/02/25
    [早期公開] 公開日: 2022/02/04
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    For reducing the frictional losses on the sliding surfaces of mounting parts and improving the wear resistance in order to extend the life of the component, diamond-like carbon (DLC) film coating has been considered, in recent years. However, reduction of the long processing time involved is desirable for mass production. For achieving this, the effect of mixing hydrocarbon gas and hydrogen gas in the deposition process is compared, and the differences in the resulting DLC films are determined in this study. DLC films are deposited on Si wafers through radio frequency plasma chemical vapor deposition (RF-PECVD), with a mixture of methane gas and hydrogen (dilution gas) as the raw material. In addition, DLC films are prepared by mixing acetylene gas with hydrogen gas for comparison, and the effect of the hydrogen gas mixture on the deposition rate, composition, and hardness of the films is confirmed. When hydrogen gas is mixed with methane gas, the deposition rate increases with the increase in the ratio of hydrogen gas in the raw material, and the percentage of sp3 bonds increases; however, the hardness and elastic modulus decrease. Furthermore, the adhesiveness deteriorates with the increase in the hydrogen gas ratio.

    In the case of methane gas mixed with hydrogen gas, the obtained deposition rate increases with the increase in the hydrogen gas mixing ratio, but no such change is observed in the case of acetylene gas. Fullsize Image
  • Mitsuhiro Hirano, Shinya Takeda, Naofumi Ohtsu
    原稿種別: Regular Article
    2022 年 63 巻 3 号 p. 357-362
    発行日: 2022/03/01
    公開日: 2022/02/25
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    Argon (Ar) plasma etching of stainless steel is known to form a unique surface texture consisting of nanopillars of several hundred nanometers due to the use of carbide precipitates as a template. The present study demonstrates that adding a small amount of nitrogen (N2) gas to Ar plasma discharge gas reduces the pillar size and enhances the pillar density, thereby resulting in a densely arranged nanoprotrusion surface. Admixing 1% N2 to the discharge gas decreased the height of each nanopillar to approximately a quarter of its original height. A further increase in N2 gas hardly changed the size of the nanoprotrusions, yet its number density increased up to 5% N2 addition. Admixed N2 gas generates N2+ species in the plasma, which form tiny chromium nitride (CrN) precipitates on a stainless steel surface. These CrN precipitates have become an alternative template for plasma etching. Nanoprotrusion surfaces are expected to improve the tribological properties of stainless steel surfaces; thus, the introduced process has potential for industrial applications.

    Fig. 2 (a) Schematic illustration defining height, base diameter, cap diameter, and density of nanopillars and nanoprotrusion. (b) Height, base diameter, and cap diameter and (c) number density of the nanopillars across the different N2 gas concentrations. Fullsize Image
Engineering Materials and Their Applications
  • Masashi Matsuura, Kuniko Yamamoto, Satoshi Sugimoto, Noritsugu Sakuma, ...
    原稿種別: Regular Article
    2022 年 63 巻 3 号 p. 363-372
    発行日: 2022/03/01
    公開日: 2022/02/25
    [早期公開] 公開日: 2022/02/04
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    The microstructural changes and interdiffusion coefficients at the Sm2Fe17–Zn interface were investigated in this study. Sm2Fe17–Zn diffusion couples were annealed for 10 min at 320, 350, and 400°C, which are below the melting temperature of Zn (419°C), resulting in the interdiffusion of Zn, Fe, and Sm. At the interface annealed at 400°C, three diffusion regions were identified between the Sm2Fe17 and Zn phases. The thickest region was a Zn-rich region composed of polycrystalline δ- and ζ-Zn–Fe binary alloy phases and a ThMn12-type Sm(Zn,Fe)12 ternary alloy phase. The annealing time dependence of the thickness of the Zn-rich region at 400°C was measured, and the interdiffusion coefficient was evaluated as 7.3 × 10−13 m2s−1 using the Einstein–Smoluchowski equation. At the surface of the Sm2Fe17 phase, a region with a fiber-like microstructure was observed that consisted of two phases, α-(Zn,Fe) and Sm(Zn,Fe)12. Interestingly, these two phases exhibited a specific crystal orientational relationship of α-FeZn(10-1)[111]//Sm(Zn,Fe)12(01-1)[011]. Between these two diffusion regions, a third region composed of nanosized polycrystalline grains of Γ-FeZn, α-FeZn, and Sm(Zn,Fe)12 was observed.

    The temperature dependence of the microstructural changes at the Sm2Fe17–Zn interface indicated that the microstructural changes proceed as follows. In the initial stage of diffusion, interdiffusion of Zn, Fe, and Sm lead to the formation of the Zn-rich region. As the interdiffusion progresses, Zn diffuses into the Sm2Fe17 phase, which decomposes to Sm(Zn,Fe)12 and α-FeZn phases with a fiber-like microstructure. Upon further Zn diffusion into the fiber-like region, Zn reacts with the α-FeZn phase to generate a polycrystalline region composed of Γ-FeZn, α-FeZn, and Sm(Zn,Fe)12 phases. To the best our knowledge, this is the first paper to report on the interdiffusion and detailed microstructural changes at the Sm2Fe17–Zn interface.

  • Chikahiro Imashiro, Yuta Ida, Shogo Miyata, Jun Komotori
    原稿種別: Regular Article
    2022 年 63 巻 3 号 p. 373-378
    発行日: 2022/03/01
    公開日: 2022/02/25
    [早期公開] 公開日: 2022/01/28
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    Surgery, radiation therapy, and chemical therapy have been reported as the main treatments for cancer, which is one of the deadliest reported diseases. However, because of the high invasiveness of patients, cancer hyperthermia has been studied as a non-invasive treatment. Hyperthermia uses a difference in thermal tolerance between normal and cancer cells and provides an affected part thermal stimulation to kill cancer cells selectively. To develop effective conditions for hyperthermia, an in vitro study to evaluate the thermal tolerance is required. However, because the existing cell culture vessels cannot control the culture temperature, genuine thermal tolerance of cells cannot be investigated appropriately. To reveal the critical temperature proper for hyperthermia, we developed a culture device controlling culture temperature. With the developed device, culture temperature was regulated considerably more quickly than the conventional method with the existing vessels, which enabled us to study the thermal tolerance of cells appropriately. For the control of culture temperature, the device has a titanium culture substrate, where a Peltier element is adhered. Because the biocompatibility of the device was confirmed, the difference in thermal tolerance between normal and cancer cells was investigated using the developed device as well as normal human dermal fibroblasts and Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 as model cell species. Therefore, it was confirmed that cancer cells were more sensitive to thermal stimulation than normal cells, which was qualitatively consistent with previous studies. Thus, our developed device can be used to investigate the thermal tolerance of each cell species, which will contribute to the development of cancer hyperthermia.

     

    This Paper was Originally Published in Japanese in J. Soc. Mater. Sci., Japan 70 (2021) 479–485.

    Fig. 1 The concept of hyperthermia for cancer. Due to the thermal stimulation, cancer cells die while normal cells survive. Fullsize Image
Environment
  • Takaaki Wajima
    原稿種別: Regular Article
    2022 年 63 巻 3 号 p. 379-388
    発行日: 2022/03/01
    公開日: 2022/02/25
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    Preparation of a novel adsorbent, mainly composed of Si–(Al, Fe)–Ca mixed hydrous oxides, from a mixture of coal fly ash and quicklime (CaO) was attempted. Coal fly ash was mixed with NaOH powder and heated to 600°C for 6 h in an electric furnace, and after cooling to room temperature, the produced fused coal ash was mixed with quicklime. The mixture was then stirred in distilled water at room temperature for one day to prepare the adsorbent. With increase in CaO addition to the fused fly ash, the adsorbent changed from an amorphous material to a mixture of calcite [CaCO3] and amorphous phases, then a mixture of calcite and hydrocalumite [Ca4Al2O8(CO3)·11H2O], and finally that of calcite, hydrocalumite, and portlandite [Ca(OH)2]. The removal ability of the adsorbent for NH4+ is almost the same and that for Pb2+ and PO43− increases with increasing CaO addition. The removal of NH4+, PO43−, and Pb2+ depends on the pH of the solution. The adsorbent containing hydrocalumite without portlandite indicates good ability for multifunctional removal in neutral solution and fixation. Fly ash contents, Si and Al, in the adsorbent contribute to NH4+ removal by ion exchange of Si–Al amorphous gels, PO43− removal by synthesis of hydrocalumite to form hydroxyapatite, and Pb2+ removal by formation of PbSi2O5·1.6H2O. The kinetics of the removal of NH4+, PO43−, and Pb2+ using this adsorbent follows the pseudo-second-order kinetics model rather than the pseudo-first-order kinetics model, and the removal of Pb2+ is faster than that of NH4+ and PO43−. These results indicate that a novel adsorbent with removal abilities for NH4+, Pb2+, and PO43− can be prepared from coal fly ash and quicklime, and suggests a new recycling method for industrial wastes.

Technical Article
  • Nobuyuki Takeuchi, Aya Yoshimura
    原稿種別: Technical Article
    2022 年 63 巻 3 号 p. 389-393
    発行日: 2022/03/01
    公開日: 2022/02/25
    [早期公開] 公開日: 2022/01/21
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    Ultra-lightweight ceramics were fabricated by firing the mixtures of pork bone (PB) and incinerated ash of sewage sludge. PB content in the mixtures was varied from 0 to 15 mass%. The mixtures were pressed in a discus body (4 cm in diameter) and the body was fired at the temperature range from 1000 to 1150°C for 1 h in air. Bloating behaviors were observed in the samples fired at the temperature over 1050°C. The remarkable lightweight ceramics, which have the apparent porosity less than 1.0 g cm−3, were obtained by the addition of 10–15 mass% PB and the firing at the temperature over 1050°C. Diffuse reflectance spectra revealed that ferric oxide in the samples fired at the temperature over 1050°C was reduced to ferrous oxide. It was considered that the large bloating in the PB added samples occurred due to both the evolution of oxygen from ferric oxide and the oxidation of residual carbon derived from PB inside the samples after melting of the surface at high temperatures.

Current Trends in Research
Express Rapid Publication
  • Hiromi Miura, Masakazu Kobayashi, Tomoki Tsuji, Takahiro Osuki, Takuya ...
    原稿種別: Express Rapid Publication
    2022 年 63 巻 3 号 p. 402-405
    発行日: 2022/03/01
    公開日: 2022/02/25
    [早期公開] 公開日: 2022/01/17
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    90% cold-rolled SUS316LN austenite stainless steels with different Mn content were annealed and the changes in the microstructure and texture after static recrystallization (SRX) were investigated. A typical heterogeneous nanostructure (HN), in which “eye”-shaped twin domains, shear bands and low-angle lamellae were main structural components, was developed by the heavy cold rolling. The formation of twin domains with crystallographical orientation of {111} // rolling plane effectively suppressed a sharp {101} texture evolution. However, preferential SRX nucleation at shear bands close to {101} orientation hindered the above {111} texture component and, then, a typical {101} one prevailed in whole area after full SRX. Dense nuclei in the HN led to homogeneous evolution of fine-grained structure. While the effects of Mn content on the microstructure and texture were not evident, superior mechanical properties appeared to be more emphasized with increasing Mn content.

    Fig. 4 Change in the texture after annealing at various temperatures for 1 h of the 90% rolled SUS316LN stainless steels containing various amount of Mn. The maximum intensity of each map is shown. Fullsize Image
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