Online ISSN : 1884-6440
Print ISSN : 0385-1036
ISSN-L : 0385-1036
21 巻, 6 号
選択された号の論文の8件中1~8を表示しています
  • 大西 俊一, 野村 典正
    1996 年 21 巻 6 号 p. 348-355
    発行日: 1996/11/01
    公開日: 2011/03/04
    ジャーナル フリー
    Integral membrane proteins contain the hydrophobic peptide segments spanning lipid hydrocarbon layer and, for functional proteins within the membrane, also contain the amphiphilic peptide segments. The former may be called the “stabilization” peptide and the latter for the “functional” peptide. Membrane proteins in enveloped viruses have the fusion and hemolytic activities. They contain the hydrophobic or amphiphilic peptide segments. We calculate the mean hydrophobicity and the mean hydrophobic moment for these petides and discuss their functions based on these data.
  • 小谷 壽
    1996 年 21 巻 6 号 p. 356-361
    発行日: 1996/11/01
    公開日: 2011/03/04
    ジャーナル フリー
    This paper reviews some theories and models which are employed in analysis, interpretation, simulation, and prediction of equilibrium and unsteady-state sorption behavior of gases and vapors in nonporous polymer membranes. Applicability of 2- and 3-parameter adsorption isotherms to treat quantitatively the equilibrium sorption behavior is discussed. Sorption isotherms of organic vapors in a disubstituted polyacetylene, poly [1- (trimethylsilyl) -1-propyne], membrane is quoted. It has been shown that a treatment, which takes account of both adsorption on the internal and external polymer surfaces with lateral penetrant-penetrant interaction and dissolution into the polymer network, reproduces satisfactorily the complex shape of the sorption isotherms. The limitations of the dual-mode sorption model are discussed in light of recent results of spectroscopic measurements of systems of gases and glassy polymers. The analysis and the interpretation of nonsteady-state sorption behavior of gases and vapors in rubbery polymer membranes are discussed in terms of the free volume models developed by Fujita and by Vrentas and Duda.
  • 高垣 洋太郎
    1996 年 21 巻 6 号 p. 362-367
    発行日: 1996/11/01
    公開日: 2011/03/04
    ジャーナル フリー
    The past two decades can be characterized by a revolution in our understanding of living organism. The major driving force in this revolution has been recombinant DNA techniques. The technique is characterized specially by its ease in application. The most frequently used technique is the gel electrophoresis, followed by blotting of the gel separated samples to a transfer membrane and the subsequent hybridization of the membrane with a probe.In this article, I reviewed some of the practical problems associated with the use of transfer membranes in the laboratories.
    When radioactive tracers are used for detection by X-ray film, the strength of the signals above the minimun threshold of the X-ray film detection determine its usability. It was necessary to maximize the amount of the samples absorbed on the membrane, and to optimize the fixation method to get the signal strength required for satisfactory results. Among the materials used for transfer membrane, Nylon gained the popularity. When Bioimage-analyzer from Fuji Film Company was introduced, the machine dramatically changed the scope of the technique because of its high sensitivity, the accuracy in quantitation, and the flexibility for data processing by the ample power of the computer in the analyzer. The deciding factor for sensitivity in detection is now low background noise which increases the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N). Cellulose nitrate membrane and PVDF membrane are the material more preferred over Nylon in this regard.
    More recently, non-radioactive detection systems are gaining popularity. The systems using Chemi-luminescence are begining to be used widely, and CCD cameras are getting better allowing the method to get the benefit of computer power. The biggest problem with this method is in the inaccuracy in quatitation due to the nature of the membrane ; e.g. the transfer membranes have thickness which is important to increase the capacity of binding samples but inhibits the light signals from within the membranes due to blockage of light by the membrane matrix. Another non-radioactive method using fluorescent probes suffers from the natural fluorescence of the membrane matrix causing the high background. This problem is additional to the light permeability problem. It is now highly desirable to develop new transfer membranes suitable for optical methods used in the non-radioactive detection systems.
  • 田口 直樹
    1996 年 21 巻 6 号 p. 368-371
    発行日: 1996/11/01
    公開日: 2011/03/04
    ジャーナル フリー
    The history of molecular biology and transfer membrane has reached its 21st year since the time when Dr. E. M. Southern developed his technology to apply transference to cellulose nitrate membranes. In those days, DNA was fractionally cut off in electrophoresis gel and the resulting pattern was immobilized for analysis. Therefore, Southern Blotting, as it was named, was a great influence on the development of molecular biology. Following on from that development, Northern Blotting, by means of immobilization of RNA and Western Blotting for protein was developed using Southern Blotting as a basis. For the next 20 years, the development of transfer membrane itself has also advanced greatly, so that two types of transfer membrane using cellulose nitrate and more than 5 types of transfer membrane using synthetic material have been developed and commercialized. There are now more than 20 different types of transfer membrane, taking that sold by manufacturers into account. At present, there is not much interest in materials and hole diameters of transfer membrane or the buffers used, although they no doubt possess important experimental data. Also, no explicit definiton is given for ways of some difference in its method of transference of membrane. Here, I attempt to consider transfer membrane from the begining, and from that perspective I will describe basic types of transfer membrane and their transference procedures.
  • 馬淵 昌治, Michael A. Mansfield
    1996 年 21 巻 6 号 p. 372-378
    発行日: 1996/11/01
    公開日: 2011/03/04
    ジャーナル フリー
    Optimal performance in blotting applications depends on several factors which are divided into three functions. First, elution of proteins from the gel must be maximized. Second, eluted proteins should bind to the membrane completely and be accessible for further analysis. Finally, protein molecules must be retained on the membrane surface throughout analysis. Elution from the gel depends on the properties of each protein (e.g. solubility, molecular weight, isoelectric point). On the other hand, binding, retention and detection sensitivity depend on the membrane in large part. For optimization of protein blotting, a basic understanding of membrane structure and its implications for performance are very important.
    In the second part, the “Rapid Immunodetection Method” eliminates the blocking step and reduces the washing steps dramatically. The sensitivity of detection was compatible to that observed with a conventional immunodetection method that included a blocking step and extended washing steps. Furthermore, the Rapid Immunodetection Method required less than 50% of the time required to complete the conventional immunodetection method.
  • 塚越 進, 山崎 一夫
    1996 年 21 巻 6 号 p. 379-385
    発行日: 1996/11/01
    公開日: 2011/03/04
    ジャーナル フリー
    The transfer membrane of high void volume microporous structure has enormously high “specific surface area (surface area/volume)” similar to biomolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, etc. which are target materials for membrane transfer. Therefore, in order to understand the mechanisms of membrane transfer, scientific investigation of interactions between membrane pore surface and biomolecules should be studied based on colloidal chemistry and surface chemistry.
    Characteristics of the transfer membrane are not related to molecular structure of the material itself. However, they are determined by molecular structure of the membrane pore surface.
    Basic mechanisms of adsorption on transfer membrane are 1) hydrostatic interaction (ionic bond), 2) hydrophobic interaction (hydrophobic bond), 3) hydrogen bond and 4) van der Waals adsorption.
    The transfer solution (0.4 N NaOH) with no salt can be used for the nylon membrane which is tolerant to alkaline condition (pH 11) and is positively charged in that condition. In this case, DNA fragments are completely denatured and transferred to the nylon membrane. Besides the hydrophobic interaction, hydrophilic interaction between membrane pore surface and DNA fragments increases transfer efficiency (yield of DNA).
  • Naoji Kubota, Eriko Kai, Yukari Eguchi
    1996 年 21 巻 6 号 p. 386-393
    発行日: 1996/11/01
    公開日: 2011/03/04
    ジャーナル フリー
    Two kinds of affinity membranes were prepared from the porous chitosan membrane (Ch membrane), and studies on adsorption and desorption of a serum protein were made, from the viewpoint that affinity membranes are efficacious against separation and purification of biomaterials. Into the Ch membrane, which was regenerated from chitosan dissolved in aqueous acetic acid by immersing it in an alkaline coagulation bath, acetylsalicylic acid and tannic acid were introduced (Ch-AS and Ch-T membranes). Adsorption of bovine serum albumin (BSA) on the membranes was investigated in a batchwise mode. The Ch membrane showed the strong pH dependence of the adsorption of BSA, whereas the Ch-AS and Ch-T membranes adsorbed BSA in the wide pH region. The amounts of BSA adsorbed on the Ch-AS and Ch-T membranes were smaller than that on the Ch membrane. Recovery of BSA from the modified membranes was also investigated in a dead-end flow mode. High recoveries of BSA from the Ch-AS and Ch-T membranes were obtained, and the concentrations of BSA eluted were higher than those of the feed solutions.
  • 松浦 雅幸
    1996 年 21 巻 6 号 p. 394-396
    発行日: 1996/11/01
    公開日: 2011/03/04
    ジャーナル フリー
    Newly developed Rotary Multi-Disk Type Membrane Separator generates turbulence by itself and produces a self-cleaning effect that keeps the membrane from clogging.
    It enhances the superior performance when applied for high concentrated sludge.
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