巻号一覧
27 巻 (2002)
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27 巻, 4 号
選択された号の論文の7件中1～7を表示しています
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大木 和夫2002 年 27 巻 4 号 p. 164-169
発行日: 2002/07/01
公開日: 2011/03/04
ジャーナル フリーThe cell, which is a fundamental unit of the life, has been constructed of biomembranes. The inside of the cell in which the complicated chemical reaction progresses has been divided three-dimensionally by the biomembranes which are mainly composed of proteins and lipids. The function appears on membrane protein by the interaction with the lipid and is affected by the physical property of membrane lipid. In the cell, various biological phenomena occur in the regions divided by the biomembranes. Image analysis system under the microscope makes it possible to obtain spatial and time-related information of the biological phenomena in order to clarify the biological system of cell. We have developed the equipment that images the physical property of the biomembrane at video rate under the microscope using fluorescence dye Laurdan. This equipment was applied to the analysis of the fluidity change of the cell membrane of PC12 cell in the apoptosis process. And, it was applied to Giant liposome prepared for bilayer mixture of DMPC and DMPE, and the phase separation phenomenon was observed at the video rate.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1393K) -
生体系から電池まで谷岡 明彦2002 年 27 巻 4 号 p. 170-179
発行日: 2002/07/01
公開日: 2011/03/04
ジャーナル フリーElectromembranes refer to the membranes which are composed of polyelectrolytes with the positive or/and negative charge groups. The membrane which has positively charged groups is called as an anion-exchange membrane from which cations are excluded. On the other hand, the membrane which has negatively charged groups is called as a cation exchange membrane from which anions are excluded. Biological membranes are well known as typical electromembranes because they are composed of amino acids and show selectivity to the specific ions, that is, H+, Na+, K+, etc.. A synthetic electromembrane was firstly prepared by Juda et al. in 1950 (hydrocarbon-type cation exchange membrane) and applied to the salt industry in Japan to produce salt from sea water. In 1972 a fluorocarbon-type cation exchange membrane composed of polytetrafluoroethylene and perfluorosulfonyl-ethoxyvinylether copolymer was invented in USA and firstly applied to sodium hydroxide production by a Japanese chemical company. Recently, it is recognized that the fluorocarbon-type cation exchange membranes have exhibit performances as a solid state polyelectrolyte membrane for a fuel cell because the proton conductivity is higher and its resistance to acid and base is stronger than those of the hydrocarbon-type cation exchange membrane. We, however, have to solve many problems on charged membranes before general use. In this paper, recent problems which are laid in charged membrane are overviewed in order to develop the research activities of this field.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1596K) -
谷口 雅英2002 年 27 巻 4 号 p. 180-187
発行日: 2002/07/01
公開日: 2011/03/04
ジャーナル フリーMany large seawater desalination plants, using reverse osmosis (RO) membranes, are now running in the world, and large efforts have been conducted in order to reduce the production cost.
As one of the solutions for cost reduction, a new scheme called a brine conversion two-stage RO process was developed. In this process, pre-treated seawater is fed to the first stage and approximately 40 % of permeate is obtained from seawater, and concentrate of the first stage is boosted up its pressure again and more permeate is obtained at the second stage RO, in which 60 % can be totally recovered. In this two-stage process, high pressure is applied in order to obtain the effective pressure for the concentrated seawater at the second stage.
This process became possible through the development of a new composite membrane and a new element, which can be operated at high pressure and high concentration.
In this study, we developed a method to analyze and design the brine conversion two-stage RO process, and it was verified for each stage by comparing simulated result with the actual plant data. Then, we found the relationship between the permeability of TDS (total dissolved salt) and that of boron, and established the technique to estimate the concentration of boron in the permeate.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1077K) -
宮田 隆志2002 年 27 巻 4 号 p. 188-195
発行日: 2002/07/01
公開日: 2011/03/04
ジャーナル フリーThis paper describes the relationship between structures of multicomponent polymer membranes and their permselectivity for organic liquid mixtures in pervaporation. The morphology of microphase separation in the multicomponent polymer membranes containing poly (dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) was quite different between block copolymer membranes and graft copolymer ones. The annealing of the block copolymer membranes resulted in dramatic changes in the morphology of their microphase separation, but that of the graft copolymer membranes did not. Their morphology strongly influenced the membrane permselectivity for organic liquid mixtures in pervaporation. This paper also focuses on simple surface modifications of membranes by polymer additives. Surface characteristics of polymer membranes were controlled by adding hydrophilic and hydrophobic copolymer additives. The permselectivity of the surface-modified membranes was improved without lowering their permeability by the simple surface modification. The addition of calixarene to microphase-separated membranes improved the permselectivity for volatile organic compounds in dilute aqueous solutions. Our results suggest a novel concept for designing the structure of multicomponent polymer membranes, that is, a method for controlling the permselectivity of pervaporation membranes.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1275K) -
岡村 大祐, 斎藤 恭一, 杉田 和之, 玉田 正男, 須郷 高信2002 年 27 巻 4 号 p. 196-201
発行日: 2002/07/01
公開日: 2011/03/04
ジャーナル フリーAn epoxy-group-containing monomer, glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), was grafted onto a porous hollow-fiber membrane made of polyethylene, by radiation-induced graft polymerization. Four kinds of alcohol, i.e., methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, and 1-butanol, were employed as the solvents for GMA. Grafting rate of GMA was decreased with increasing carbon number of alcohols. The epoxy group of the GMA-grafted membrane with a degree of grafting of 90 or 120% was converted to a sulfonic acid group at a molar conversion of 10 to 12%. Hen-egg lysozyme (HEL) dissolved in carbonate buffer solution (pH 9.0) was forced to permeate through the pores of the sulfonic-acid-group-containing porous hollow-fiber membranes prepared with various alcohol solvents. The binding capacity of HEL onto the membrane in equilibrium with the feed concentration of 0.5 g-HEL/L increased with the increase in the carbon number of alcohols. For example, the binding capacities of the membranes prepared with methanol and 1-butanol were 0.18 and 0.38 g-HEL/g-membrane, respectively. In contrast, the flux of the protein solution was decreased with increasing carbon number of alcohols. This demonstrates that longer polymer brushes are formed on the pore surface of the membrane prepared with a higher carbon number of alcohol employed as the solvent for GMA.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (801K) -
通阪 栄一, 吉永 武史, 後藤 雅宏, 上岡 龍一, 古崎 新太郎2002 年 27 巻 4 号 p. 202-208
発行日: 2002/07/01
公開日: 2011/03/04
ジャーナル フリーHybrid liposomes that have a targeting effect were prepared by introducing a sugar type surfactant. The hybrid liposomes consist of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine, polyoxyethylene glycol surfactant, and a long-chain alkyl sugar ester. The targeting effect was evaluated on the basis of the binding behavior between the hybrid liposomes and a lectine. When the hybrid liposomes were prepared with a glucose type of surfactant, aggregation was observed by the addition of concanavalin A (ConA) to the liposome solution. The result indicates that bridging should occur between the sugar moiety on the surface of liposomes and the recognition site of lectine. The aggregation behavior was also confirmed by the AFM photograph. The interaction between the hybrid liposomes and lectine was found to be reversible because the aggregates disappeared by the addition of excess glucose. Hybrid liposomes containing a galactose type of surfactant exhibited a high affinity toward the peanut lectine (PNA). The alkyl-chain length of sugar surfactants also affected the aggregation behavior. It was suggested that longer alkyl chain surfactants show a higher recognition effect.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (1065K) -
井上 岳治, 杉田 和弥, 井坂 弘明, 房岡 良成2002 年 27 巻 4 号 p. 209-212
発行日: 2002/07/01
公開日: 2011/03/04
ジャーナル フリーMembrane fouling has been one of the main causes of operations problems with reverse osmosis (RO) systems. A new low fouling RO membrane element (TML20-365) has been developed to help alleviate these problems. This new low fouling RO membrane element will be advantageous for processing municipal, industrial effluent, and surface waters, which in the past have been difficult to treat with normal conventional RO elements. This new low fouling RO membrane is a cross-linked polyamide composite membrane with surface modification. TML20-365 exhibits excellent performance in reducing membrane fouling from chemical and biological sources found in wastewater effluent applications. This RO membrane shows similar or superior water permeability and separation performance over those membranes used in conventional low-pressure RO elements.抄録全体を表示PDF形式でダウンロード (408K)
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