Online ISSN : 1884-6440
Print ISSN : 0385-1036
ISSN-L : 0385-1036
6 巻, 3 号
選択された号の論文の9件中1~9を表示しています
  • 中垣 正幸
    1981 年 6 巻 3 号 p. 1-9
    発行日: 1981年
    公開日: 2010/10/21
    ジャーナル フリー
    Physico-chemical expressions are discussed for three coefficients Lf, σ and P, to characterize membranes. The filtration coefficient Lf consists of two parts: the one related to Poiseuille's hydrodynamic flow and the other to migration of water molecules by diffusion and the latter is responsible to the selective permeability of reverse osmosis membranes. Since the tortuosity is not the same in these two processes, the membrane coefficient f is larger for the latter than for the former. The reflection or rejection coefficient cr is smaller than 1 for imperfect semi-permeable membranes. In this connection, the membrane equilibrium, dialysis, and ultrafiltration are discussed. The membrane permeation coefficient P is approximated by the product of the membrane coefficient f, the partition coefficient at the membrane surface σ and the diffusion coeffi-cient in the membrane Ds. The value of P of a charged membrane for an electrolyte decreases with decrease of the electrolyte concentration because β decreases by the effect of membrane potential. Reverse permeation (P<0) may be caused either by the difference of β between two surfaces of a membrane, or, if the solutes are electrolytes, by a negative value of Ds due to electrical potential gradient.
  • 鈴木 周一, 軽部 征夫
    1981 年 6 巻 3 号 p. 10-20
    発行日: 1981年
    公開日: 2010/10/21
    ジャーナル フリー
    Considerable worldwide interest has arisen in the use of immobilized biocatalysts in industrial processes and analytical chemistry. Many methods for immobilizing enzyme have been developed. Simple immobilization techniques and inexpensive carriers are desirable for practical uses of immobilized biocatalysts.
    This paper summarizes the preparation of immobilized enzymes, especially, enzyme-membranes and the characteristics of immobilized enzyme prepared. Application of enzyme-membranes to bioelectrochemical sensors such as enzyme, organelle, immuno, and microbial sensors and the principle of the bioelectrochemical sensors are described. Furthermore, generation of a cofactor such as NAD in an enzyme-membrane, properties and application of asparaginase-collagen membrane, and bacteriolysis by immobilized enzymes are also described.
    An electrochemical method for evaluating enzyme-membrane characteristics is proposed by the authors. The method bases on monitoring the properties of enzyme-membrane attached directly on the devices, such as oxygen, pH and CO 2 electrodes. The factors affected the properties (for example stability) of enzyme membranes are also discussed here.
  • 近藤 保
    1981 年 6 巻 3 号 p. 21-29
    発行日: 1981年
    公開日: 2010/10/21
    ジャーナル フリー
    Various experimental methods are presented to evaluate the physical properties of microcapsules. The membrane thickness can be obtained either by means of optical and electron microscopy or from the mean diameter, density, and weight of microcapsules. For microcapsules of very thin membrane the use of a certain type of cell elastomer and the application of Laplace's law permit of determination of the membrane tension. The permeability of microcapsules is conveniently known from the rate of solute entry into the microcapsules after mixing a microcapsule suspension and a test solute solution. It is possible to evaluate the equivalent pore size of very thin microcapsule membranes on the basis of the experimentally determined percentage of ruptured microcapsules in solutions of different concentrations of those solutes which can permeate the membranes with the help of nonequilibrium thermodynamics. The total pore volume of microcapsule membrane can be estimated from the zeta potential of microcapsules containing a polyelectrolyte solution as a function of membrane thickness.
  • 山田 純男
    1981 年 6 巻 3 号 p. 30-46
    発行日: 1981年
    公開日: 2010/10/21
    ジャーナル フリー
    Pervaporation process which is a useful membrane separation technique for wide varieties of organic liquid mixtures has recently been noted. This method can be expected to be useful particularly for separation of close-boiling mixtures, azeotropic mixtures and others. Since the criteria in membrane separation process is to develop excellent membrane, we must properly evaluate the membrane functionality such as selectivity and durability. In this chapter, pervaporation apparatus, operation procedures, presentation of experiment data, problems in measurement, factors affecting separation and mathematical treatment were described.
  • 糸井 滋
    1981 年 6 巻 3 号 p. 47-58
    発行日: 1981年
    公開日: 2010/10/21
    ジャーナル フリー
    Evaluating method of the ion-exchange membrane is discussed under the consideration of the industrial application of the membrane.
    As basic properties of the ion-exchange membrane, such as ion permselectivity and electric conductivity, are closely related with the structure of charged resin material of the membrane, contributions of fixed ion concentration A to the membrane properties are discussed firstly.
    Transport number, diffusion coefficient, electrosmotic and osmotic transport of water and electric resistance are fundamental properties not only for the evaluation of the basic characteristics of individual membrane but also for the design or the evaluation of the electrodialysis process. Measurement procedures of properties mentioned above are explained briefly and typical examples of the properties of the ion-exchnge membrane are discussed. Besides fundamental properties, special properties which are directly related with individual application are also important for the evaluation of the membrane. Among these properties, uni-valent ion permselectivity and anti-fouling properties are discussed in connection with the measurement and the evaluating method of the membrane.
    Finally, evaluating method of the anion-exchange membrane, which is especially prepared for the dialysis process, is discussed.
  • 仲川 勤
    1981 年 6 巻 3 号 p. 59-73
    発行日: 1981年
    公開日: 2010/10/21
    ジャーナル フリー
    Various methods of test for gas transmission rate of polymer membranes were summerized, which cover the determination of the steady state rate of transmission of a gas through polymers in the form of film, sheeting, laminates and polymer coated papers. They provide for the determination of (a) gas transmission rate (GTR), and (b) permeability coefficient in the case of homogeneous materials, and (c) diffusion coefficient.
    Methods are divided into two main groups; A) non-equable pressure method and B) equable pressure method. In the non-equable pressure method, the pressure difference exists across the sample and the permeated gas through the sample is measured by a monometric method or volumetric method. In the manometric method, when the lower pressure side of the sample is initially evacuated at 10 -5 -10 -6 mmHg, the transmission of the gas through the test specimen is indicated by a change in pressure which is measured by Mc Leod gauge or an MKS Baratron pressure transducer. This method is called “high-vacuum technique ”. When the lower pressure side of the sample is initially evacuated at 10 -1-10 -2 mmHg, the transmission of the gas is measured by a cell manometer, namely a closed end U-tube manometer. This method is called “low-vacuum technique ”. In the volumetric method, the low pressure side of the sample is maintained near atmospheric pressure and the transmission of the gas is indicated by a change in volume. In the equable pressure method, the total pressures of the both sides of the sample are equal. The permeated gas is measured by a detector system, for example, cas chromatography, thermal conductivity. When oxygen is a test gas, the oxygen electrode is available.
    In both methods (A) and (B), the principles, apparatus and calculations were described here in detail.
  • 橋本 光一
    1981 年 6 巻 3 号 p. 74-82
    発行日: 1981年
    公開日: 2010/10/21
    ジャーナル フリー
    As application of ultrafiltration (UF) membrane to commercial plant has become popul ar, disparity of its performance becomes a matter of problem when it is used for fractio nation and concentration.
    Size distribution of permeation place of UF membrane is in linear relati onship with log molecular weight when plotted by log probability paper and indicated it's characteristics by mean s of log molecular weight measured at 50% of retention value and its standard deviation. Furthermore, the data show that pressure drop of permeation path of module becomes important factor in case for UF membrane.
  • 木村 尚史
    1981 年 6 巻 3 号 p. 83-89
    発行日: 1981年
    公開日: 2010/10/21
    ジャーナル フリー
    The method of quantitative qualification of reverse osmosis membranes from experimental data by using appropriate transport equations and defining membrane characteristics as transport parameters, such as pure water permeability, solute permeability and reflection coefficient is presented. Thereby the importance and the effect of concentration polarization phenomena are stressed, and its correction methods are shown. The character of membranes deteriorate gradually with time by various causes, such as compaction by the mechanical pressure, deposition of suspended matters or high molecular weight solutes on the membrane surface and chemical adsorption, oxidation or hydration of membrane materials. The quantitative estimation of some of such effects are discussed.
  • 膜に関する雑談
    丹沢 宏
    1981 年 6 巻 3 号 p. 90-99
    発行日: 1981年
    公開日: 2010/10/21
    ジャーナル フリー
    The recent situation of research and development on the following items is surveyed:
    (1) The characteristics (structure and functions) of biological membranes and synthetic membranes.
    (2) Materials, structures and shapes of the various kinds of the membrane separator.
    (3) Artificial organs-Partial substitution of some biological functions by synthetic polymers, for example, skin, eye, lung and kidney.
    (4) A role of synthetic membranes for use in the systems of blood component separation, blood purification and plasma exchange.
    (5) A co-operation of the artificial membrane with the biological substances - A cell culture on the surface of the synthetic membranes.
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