Medical Entomology and Zoology
Online ISSN : 2185-5609
Print ISSN : 0424-7086
ISSN-L : 0424-7086
Volume 16, Issue 1
Displaying 1-16 of 16 articles from this issue
  • Article type: Cover
    1965 Volume 16 Issue 1 Pages Cover2-
    Published: March 31, 1965
    Released on J-STAGE: September 05, 2016
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • Rokuro Kano, Kiyotoshi Kaneko, Satoshi Shinonaga
    Article type: Article
    1965 Volume 16 Issue 1 Pages 1-5
    Published: March 31, 1965
    Released on J-STAGE: September 05, 2016
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The authors found six unrecorded sarcophagid species among the specimens collected by themselves and some other investigators in Japan. Of these, three species belong to the genus Heteronychia, two species belong to the genus Parasarcophaga and one species belongs to the genus Pierretia. The authors describe them briefly with drawings of their genitalia in this paper.
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  • Syoziro Asahina
    Article type: Article
    1965 Volume 16 Issue 1 Pages 6-15
    Published: March 31, 1965
    Released on J-STAGE: September 05, 2016
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    A thin-bodied pale brownish cockroach being misidentified as "Phyllodromia vilis auct." (nec Brunner v. W.) has been known to occur in Kyushu and Taiwan. Princis suggested recently the correct name, Onychostylus pallidiolus (Shiraki), of which the specific name was once given by Shiraki but changed by himself misled by Karny (1915). Here is given an illustration of this species based upon a plentyful material taken from many localities on the Pacific coast of south Japan and from the islands of the Ryukyus as well as from Taiwan. This is an arboreal insect dwelling among the leaves of trees. The oothecae are stuck on the leaves and are very flat as compared with that of Blattella germanica. The larvae are extremely flat insects and almost semitransparent, inhabiting always green, or often dead, laeves of shrub trees. Two other species, O. notulatus, and the true O. vilis were also illustrated, the former recently found from some islands of the Ryukyus, and the latter from Iwo-jima (Sulphur Island) in the northwestern Pacific. The biology of these species has not sufficiently be made known although they are supposed to be arboreal as the first species. It may be interesting to note that O. vilis was recorded, in Iwo-jima, as invading human houses. This species is easily bred in a breeding vial under artificial condition similarly to the German cockroach.
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  • Takeshi Kurihara
    Article type: Article
    1965 Volume 16 Issue 1 Pages 16-23
    Published: March 31, 1965
    Released on J-STAGE: September 05, 2016
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    Following the previous report on the comparative study of pleural structures of the thorax of adult mosquitoes in Japan, additional observations were made with 31 species of the mosquitoes collected from Thailand. It was also confirmed that the characters of pleural plates and attached bristles and scales were extremely useful in the taxonomy of the mosquitoes. Taxonomical key characters were described and illustrated for identification and classification of the species, subgenera, genera and tribes of the family Culicidae. The examination of pleural structures by the method reported here is recommended to be more widely used in the entomological surveys, since it is simple and easy to be practiced in the fields, and always reflects phylogenetically important charcters.
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  • Noboru Yamaguti
    Article type: Article
    1965 Volume 16 Issue 1 Pages 24-28
    Published: March 31, 1965
    Released on J-STAGE: September 05, 2016
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    Comparative morphological studies were made in the colonies of Culex pipiens complex collected from localities covering from northern to southern Japan which represented the forms known by the subspecies names of pallens, fatigans and molestus. The colonies examined were the anautogenous forms from Sapporo (Hokkaido, the northmost island), Sendai (northern Honshu), Tokyo (east Honshu), Nagoya (middle Honshu), Kyoto (west Honshu), Sakito (west Kyushu), Kagoshima (south Kyushu) and Koniya (Amami, southmost island), and the autogenous form from Kawasaki near Tokyo. The biometrical values of 100×D/V of male genitalia defined by us as well as of stem-cell index of wing vein were found to become the smaller as the locality of collection moved from northeast towards southwest, and the ratio of occurrence as well as the size of the dark patches on abdominal sternites became the larger from northeast towards southwest. The shape of white basal bands on abdominal tergites also differed in each colonies, and their margins were almost linear in specimens from northern region while those in southern colonies were arched and expanded medially. The ranges of variation of the above biometrical values were always overlapping between the two neighbouring localities, and no clearcut differenciation could be made between pallens and fatigans forms being recognized as different species or subspecies by some previous authors. The autogenous colony from Kawasaki was the only exception from the above rules in that 100×D/V values were larger than those of the northmost colony from Sapporo. Its character of dark patches on abdominal sternites varied from "absent" to "small" as corresponding with some colonies from southwest Honshu, but the shape of the margin of white bands on abdominal tergites was roughly linear like the colonies from north Japan.
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  • Shigeo Hayashi, Takeshi Kurihara
    Article type: Article
    1965 Volume 16 Issue 1 Pages 29-33
    Published: March 31, 1965
    Released on J-STAGE: September 05, 2016
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    In the present paper the formations of relics at the pedicles of ovarioles after oviposition were clearly shown with the colonies of mosquitoes of Culex pipiens pallens, Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Aedes togoi and Armigeres subalbatus, which were reared in the laboratory. The adult females of mosquitoes were individually reared in the test tubes so that one may control the times of blood-feeding and oviposition. The observations of the changes in ovaries were made at each gonotrophic cycle. The sac-like dilatations at the pedicles of Culex pipiens pallens were found to complete their contraction in twenty-four hours after expelling the eggs. The maximum number of relics per pedicle was observed exactly correspond to the number of ovipositions of each mosquito. Therefore it was shown that the maximum count of relics per ovariole can be utilized for expressing the physiological age of mosquitoes of above mentioned species of this country. The rate of number of ovarioles which have the maximum number of relics was, however, found to be rather lower than expected. It was around one third of all observable ovarioles at the first gonotrophic cycle, around one tenth at the second and around one twentieth at the third cycle. It was emphasized that the observation should be carefully made not to miss the small number of those ovarioles in order to determine the age of mosquitoes correctly.
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  • Shigeo Hayashi, Hisashi Yamamoto, Takeshi Kurihara
    Article type: Article
    1965 Volume 16 Issue 1 Pages 34-40
    Published: March 31, 1965
    Released on J-STAGE: September 05, 2016
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    The age determination of mosquitoes was carried out with the following populations, first was Culex pipiens fatigans of indoor collections with insect aspirators at night in May 1963 from each house at a certain village in Okino-Erabu Island, another was Aedes togoi also of night collections in August 1963 at houses in Hachijo-Koshima Island. The mosquitoes were kept alive in small cages until the dissections were done next morning. Out of 333 mosquitoes of Culex pipiens fatigans which were examined about the relic numbers of ovarioles, 174 individual or 52.3% were nulliparous, 127 (38.1%) uniparous, 29 (8.7%) biparous and 3 (0.9%) were found triparous. With Aedes togoi, 48 (44.0%) out of 109 individuals were nulliparous, and 50 (45.9%) uniparous, 10 (9.2%) biparous and 1 (0.9%) triparous were observed. The determinations by tracheoles after Detinova (1949) and by observing of granules according to Colles (196) were conducted in parallel with the examination of relics in each individual of mosquitoes. Either tracheole method or granule method yielded almost the same parous rate as that by relic method. However, in a considerable part of specimens the three methods did not always give a good concordance. It was shown that tracheole method would lead to false positive results particularly in the specimens of which the follicles developed. Because the enlargement of ovaries even of nulliparaous mosquitoes result the unfolding of tracheole ends. In the use of granule method the pigment of ovarian sheath was often a trouble and did mislead to false positive results. In both of two methods other than the relic method the yolk in too much developed follicles, that is, later than the 3rd stage by Christophers' criteria made the observations either of tracheoles or granules extremely difficult. Therefore a large part of materials were left undetermined of age by these method, whereas the relic method was available. Besides the relic method only can determine the number of oviposition and give more informations of physiological age, so other two techniques should be adopted only in auxiliary use, although they have an advantage in the examination of a large number of materials in a day.
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  • Takeshi Kurihara, Manabu Sasa
    Article type: Article
    1965 Volume 16 Issue 1 Pages 41-48
    Published: March 31, 1965
    Released on J-STAGE: September 05, 2016
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    Observations were made on the biting and resting behaviors of Culex pipiens fatigans in Bangkok. Human bait collections were repeated at the intervals of about a month by four technicians asigned to stations inside and outside of a building, and the biting rhythm as well as population density could successfully be observed. The biting activity was found to become highest at about midnight and to take chronological periodicity similar to that of the microfilarial density in the blood stream. The results also reflected the seasonal fluctuations of the mosquito density which considerably dropped in the dry season. All the mosquitoes collected by the human bait method were females with the follicular stage I-b (ovarial follicles undeveloped and midgut unengorged), same as those collected by the dryice traps. The resting behavior was observed by the box-traps set inside the building and by the water-jar trap set outdoors. Both equipments were the favorite daytime resting places for Culex pipiens fatigans, and several hundreds of the mosquito could be collected everyday. The males were always higher in the numbers than the females, and females of all stages of ovarial developments and blood engorgements were found to use the traps as the daytime shelters. All these mosquitoes were found to escape from the traps during a few hours' period from about the sunset, and come back into the traps in a short period in the morning just before or soon after the sunrise. Comparative studies were made on the ovarial developmental stages and parous rates of the females collected from various resting places, such as the above two types of the traps, animal houses, human dwellings and outdoor shelters. Examinations of physiological ages of the females as estimated from the numbers of ovarial follicular relics indicated that the species were relatively short-lived in nature, with the parous rate of about 20% in the average.
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  • Tozo Kanda
    Article type: Article
    1965 Volume 16 Issue 1 Pages 49-56
    Published: March 31, 1965
    Released on J-STAGE: September 05, 2016
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    Under natural condition ovarial developments followed by oviposition of a mosquito is usually affected only sucking blood of host animals. In the present study, observations were made to see whether the blood, some of its components served to mosquitoes as liquids soaked in cotton layers might effect in producing the eggs, and such artificial breeding method might be used for maintaining laboratory colony of Culex pipiens form fatigans for which absence of autogeny had been checked for more than 20 generation. In a comparative observation on the efficiency of ingestion of the blood served by different methods, the mosquito was found to engorge either of the three routes, defibrinated bovine whole blood coated with chicken membrane, that soaked in cotton layer in a petri dish, or through biting on a laboratory mouse fixed in wire-screen cage, with the rates to the total mosquitoes of 94.0%, 85.7% and 72.3% respectively. However, the rates of reproduction as calculated by dividing the total numbers of eggs deposited by the number of females tested were 36.8, 37.9 and 98.8, and the above two artificial feeding methods were found to be less than half in the efficiency of reproduction than through natural bite on animals. Results of dissections of mosquitoes which ingested the blood soaked in cotton have shown that it is usually taken into dorsal or ventral diverticles of oesophagus but later transffered into the midgut, and that no peritrophic membrane is formed like after natural bite on animals. Many of the mosquitoes thus fed artificially were found to discharge the blood without fully utilizing it as the nutrient. However, developments of yolk in ovarian follicles as well as production of mature eggs were affected when the blood meal was served repeatedly for several days at least in a part of the mosquitoes tested. Further experiments were made to see which of the blood component was effective to induce maturation of the eggs when fed by the above method. Out of 25 mosquitoes tested for each lot oviposition was seen only in 8 females engorged with bonine whole blood with the average egg number of 80.8, and all of the others fed once by saline suspension of blood corpuscles, serum, purified hemoglobin or sugar solution failed to produce mature eggs. However, in another experiment in which hemoglobin was fed cotinuously for successive days, a part of females which ingested it for more than three times were found to produce small numbers of eggs. A similar experiment was made with hemolysed blood, the rates of the number of the oviposited mosquitoes to the number of the blood ingested mosquitoes were lower than the none hemolysed blood, but were no significant difference in the egg number. The whole blood obtained from chicken, cattle, horse, rabbit and mouse was all effective to induce egg production through the artificial ingestions, and no significant difference were seen in the rate of ingestions as well as the rate of reproductions by blood source. The course of blood digestions in the midgut and the development of ovaries after the artificial ingestion was carefully checked daily following Sella's classification proposed for Anopheles. However, the blood fed by the abnormal route was often discharged from the anus or often caused death of the mosquitoes probably due to an intoxication, thus cousing irregular results. The addition of 1, 000 unit percent of pencilline and 250mg percent of streptomycine to the blood were found to be effective to reduce the mortality and to increase the reproduction rates. In a similar experiment made with an autogenuous colony or molestus-form of Culex pipiens complex, the ingestion of blood or its components did not cause any significant increase in its first batch of autogenous egg production. The more oviposition was not seen in the groupes that did not engorge blood meal after the autogeny, and in this strain of the molestus-form

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  • Shunnosuke Hirakoso
    Article type: Article
    1965 Volume 16 Issue 1 Pages 57-73
    Published: March 31, 1965
    Released on J-STAGE: September 05, 2016
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    Laboratory studies on the developments and rearing methods of mosquito larvae, Culex pipiens (L.) were made under various breeding conditions by using mainly 500ml. of beakers being 57(cm)^2 of water suface. Diet used in the experiments was "the diet for experimental animals". The egg rafts laid within 15 hours were used in the experiment. In non-water-conversion condition, no or little numbers of the larvae were generally developed but the numbers of 18 larvae per 1(cm)^2 of the water surface were developed in the beaker providing 30 egg rafts and 6gr. of the diet at time of the egg stage. In most of the cases, three to six individuals of pupae were obtained from the beakers in which equal amounts of the diet were added every days during the larval stages. Eight to fifteen individuals of the larvae per 1(cm)^2 were developed when the diet and water converted every other days with the exception for large amounts of the diet or few numbers of the egg rafts were used. Larger numbers of the larvae were developed in daily-water-conversion as compared with other water-condition. Thirty four individuals of the pupae per 1(cm)^2 were obtained from the beaker that added daily 6gr. of the diet in daily-water-conversion. These results indicated that the conversion of water or procedures to providing the diet are more important factors that influenced larval developments than the amounts of diet or the numbers of the egg rafts provided. The pupating periods were prolonged with the high larval densities or with the few amounts of the diet. From these investigation the rearing method for the large numbers of the larvae by using 500ml. beaker is summarised as follows : Ten numbers of the egg rafts introduce in a beaker and then 0.3gr. of the diet add in 25℃. Afterthere 0 or 0.3gr., 1.5gr., 3gr., 3gr., 3gr., 3gr., 1.5gr. and 0.8gr. of the diet are added at 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 days after initiating the breeding. Three hundred ml. of water are usually maintained in the beaker with conversions of water. The conversions of water are made daily without 1 and 2 days after intiating the breeding. The amounts of diet that based on 25℃. are increased under lower temperatures and decreased under higher ones.
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  • Rokuro Masuda
    Article type: Article
    1965 Volume 16 Issue 1 Pages 74-79
    Published: March 31, 1965
    Released on J-STAGE: September 05, 2016
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    Successive studies on the seasonal prevalence of larvae and pupae of mosquito fauna in a suburban and residental area of Tokyo city were carried out from May 1961. Results of the year 1961 and 1962 were previously published in this journal (Vol. XII, No. 4 and Vol. XV, No. 4). Examined stations and methods were almost followed as described in the previous paper. Total 37, 493 mosquitoes belonging 3 genera, 6 species were collected (Table 1). C. pipiens occupied 98% and A. albopictus 1.2% and other species less than 0.2% of whole collection. C. pipiens was found in all stations except bamboo stumps and had a tendency to become dominant species even in paddy and swampy field, because of spoiling by residental sewage due to imcomplete drainage system in this area (Table 3〜5). The results of three years 1961〜1963 showed species of mosquito except C. pipiens and C. vorax decrease their number yearly; on the contrary C. pipiens increases constantly and C. vorax fluctuates unstably according to unknown factors. It must be described that between observed numbers of C. pipiens and C. vorax exists obviously antagonistic correlation and therefore C. vorax seems to be useful as natural enemy of C. pipiens in this area (Table 2, comparing with same table in previous papers). C. pipiens and C. vorax appear to be important species to investigate in future in various respects in Tokyo city.
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  • Yukio Oshio, Makiko Ikeuchi, Shoji Maeda
    Article type: Article
    1965 Volume 16 Issue 1 Pages 80-85
    Published: March 31, 1965
    Released on J-STAGE: September 05, 2016
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    It was already reported in the previous first to fourth reports that the flies emerged out numerously from livestock excreta and that the fly density in dwelling house or livestock barn was considerably effected by the practice of livestock keeping. In this observation, the fly fauna in the farm (of the National Institute of Animal Industry, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Chiba city) where dwelling houses and livestock barns, etc. were placed in a limited area, was observed by using fly catch ribbon, in May and in September in 1963. As shown in the disposition of these building on the farm in Figure 1, several kinds of building were distributed on the farm having the scale of about 600 metres from east to west and about 1, 400 metres from south to north. On this farm, 90 dairy cattles, 150 hogs, 70 goats, 1, 500 hens and 200 rabbits were kept and the results of the observation were summarized as follows : 1. Total number of collected flies by this method were 11, 980 individuals in May, and 4, 611 individuals in September. Among the collected flies, the number of Fannia canicularis, Muscina stabulans, Calliphora spp. and other small-sized flies were much more in May than in September, but on the contrary, a number of Musca domestica, Stomoxys calcitrans, Sarcophaga spp. were collected in September. 2. The proportions of the number of flies by collecting place were 73.6% in livestock barn, 15.8% in dwelling house, and 10.6% in office building. 3. Of the collected flies in the livestock barns, the house-fly was mainly collected in the hog shed and hen shed while the stable-fly was collected in goat and cattle sheds. Only, in May the little house-fly and the small-sized flies were remakably collected in the rabbit shed. 4. The main active place of house-fly is seen near their breeding sources. Therefore, much of them were collected in the livestock barn than in the dwelling house or office building. As for the number of house-fly in the dwelling house and office building, it had only a very little relation with the distance from thier breeding source. 5. It was seen that the important factors of invasion of house-fly into the dwelling house were careless consideration on home management and the existence of children in the family, etc.
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  • Katsuhiko Matsumoto
    Article type: Article
    1965 Volume 16 Issue 1 Pages 86-89
    Published: March 31, 1965
    Released on J-STAGE: September 05, 2016
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    A series of experiments were made to see whether the differences in food habits by the species of the grain mites might be associated with the activities of some digestive enzymes. Three species of the grain mites, Carpoglyphus lactis, Aleuroglyphus ovatus and Tyrophagus dimidiatus, were collected from their cultures with the saturated saline floatation method, and were isolated and purified from their culture media by repeated applications of washing and centrifuging in saturated sodium chloride solution. The mite bodies were homogenized in 10 times of 15/M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), centrifuged and the supernatants were tested for the activities of protease, esterase, amylase and saccharase. The protease activity as measured by Folin method was the highest at pH 7, 5 in Carpoglyphus and at 7.0 in Tyrophagus, while that in Aleuroglypus was the highest among the three species in strength and its optimum pH was at around 6. No significant differences were seen in esterase activities by the species. Amylase activity was the highest in Aleuroglphus, about twice as strong as the other two species, and its optimum pH was seen at 5.5 for all the species. Saccharase was the lowest in Aleuroglyphus and was about one fourth of the other two species, and its optimum pH was at about 5.0 for all the species tested.
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  • Tokuko Umino
    Article type: Article
    1965 Volume 16 Issue 1 Pages 90-93
    Published: March 31, 1965
    Released on J-STAGE: September 05, 2016
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    Colonies resistant as well as susceptible to DDT were selected from a single laboratory colony of Culex pipienns molestus, and have successfully been established as the laboratory strains genetically fixed for generations. Tests were made on the comparative toxicity of various insecticides against the larvae of the three colonies by the dipping method using ethanol solution of the chemicals roughly following WHO Standard Method. LC 50 values estimated for the resistant colony (R), susceptible colony (S) and the parent colony (P) against p, p'-DDT were 82-100ppm, 0.042ppm and 0.0078-0.012ppm respectively, while that against technical-DDT were 12ppm, 0.0032ppm and 0.00037ppm. The latter was found to be higher in toxicity than p, p'-DDT against both S and R, and the ratio in the toxicity was larger in the susceptible colony than in the resistant. Tests were also made on the susceptibility of R and S colonies against dieldrin, lindane, malathion, fenthion, diazinon, ronnel, sumithion and dichlorvos. The values of LC 50 for these insecticides were roughly on the same levels reported by previous authors using unselected colonies of Culex pipiens complex, and no cross-resistance against these insecticides seemed to have developed in our DDT resistant colony. However, our R colonies were usually twice to three times more tolerant to most insecticides than S colonies, presumably due to the developments of a kind of tolerance rather than of the real resistance. In our tests using S colony as the material, the toxicity of insecticides as estimated from LC 50 values was by the order of tech-DDT, fenthion, dieldrin, p, p'-DDT, sumithson, ronnel, diazinon, dichlorvos, malathion and lindane. It should be pointed out here that DDT is one of the most effective insecticides so long as the susceptible colonies are concarned, though it usually shows much lower toxicity against natural or unselected laboratory colonies due to the resistance more or less developed within the populations.
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  • Atsuo Sato, Kimito Akahane
    Article type: Article
    1965 Volume 16 Issue 1 Pages 94-95
    Published: March 31, 1965
    Released on J-STAGE: September 05, 2016
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    In this paper, the authors reported of the fleas collected from bird-nests. Four nests of three species of ground-nesting birds were examined. These host-birds were Emberiza fucata, Saxicola torqata and Emberiza yessoensis and their nests were collected soon after the youngs had left from them at Kirigamine grassland plateau (1600m.), Nagano Prefecture. Many fleas emerged from each nest and they all were identified with Ceratophyllus garei Rothschild, 1902, a common flea on the ground-nesting birds in the northern hemisphere. Some male individuals had variations on the apical membranous processes of the sternum VIII as shown in Figure 1.
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  • Kazuo Yasutomi
    Article type: Article
    1965 Volume 16 Issue 1 Pages 96-98
    Published: March 31, 1965
    Released on J-STAGE: September 05, 2016
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    In the present paper, the author describes the feature of development and decrease of insecticide resistance of the larvae of Culex pipiens molestus against p, p'-DDT, dieldrin and diazinon. The test colony, Fukagawa strain, was collected at Tokyo-Sarue lumber yard in 1962. The test larvae were exposed to varying concentrations of insecticides following WHO method. Originally in 1962, the 4th instar larvae, showed a (LC)_<50> value of 17.87 p.p.m. to p, p'-DDT. After being bred free of insecticide for 20 generations, their DDT-resistance lightly decreased. At the 13th generation of continuous DDT-selection the larvae showed only 8-10% mortality to 100p.p.m. DDT. The colony kept under continuous dieldrin-pressure showed a (LC)_<50> value of approximately 10p.p.m. dieldrin. In the test with the 10th generation of the diazinon-exposed colony the larvae showed considerable rise of resistance, the (LC)_<50> being 0.2857p.p.m.
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