JSM Mycotoxins

The present aspects of studies on tetrodotoxin

Tamao NOGUCHI

1991 Volume 1991 Issue 33 Pages 1-5
Published: June 30, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2520/myco1975.1991.1

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Studies on tetrodotoxin (TTX) are going to be developed to elucidate the TTX origin, the toxification mechanism in the TTX bearing animals and further their significance of the occurrence as the distribution is expanded in many animals. Although many marine bacteria including genus Vibrio are found to be capable of producing TTX and/or its derivatives, the toxification mechanism in TTX bearing animals, such as toxic puffer remains to be elucidated in near future.

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Schistosomiasis in Hunan Province, China

Tsutomu KOYAMA

1991 Volume 1991 Issue 33 Pages 7-10
Published: June 30, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2520/myco1975.1991.7

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Fusarium toxins contamination of cereals in China

Xue-yun LUO

1991 Volume 1991 Issue 33 Pages 11-15
Published: June 30, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2520/myco1975.1991.11

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Distribution and aflatoxin productivity of Aspergillus flavus in field soils in Kanagawa Prefecture

T. TAKAHASHI, Y. ONOUE, T. FUJISAWA, M. MORI

1991 Volume 1991 Issue 33 Pages 17-24
Published: June 30, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2520/myco1975.1991.17

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The distribution and aflatoxin productivity of Aspergillus flavus in field soils in Kanagawa Prefecture were investigated. A, flavus was isolated from 13 samples (8.1%) out of 160 total soil samples collected in 13 municipalities. The population of A. flavus detected in the soil samples ranged from 10 to 1, 300 CFU/g of soil. Out of 19 isolates of A, flavus, 3 strains from 3 soil samples collected in Hadano, Tsukui and Fujisawa produced aflatoxins on rice. Four strains out of 19 additional strains re-isolated from a soil sample collected in Yokohama, in which the highest population (1, 300 CFU/g) of A. flavus was found, produced a detectable amount of aflatoxins B₁ and B₂ on coconut agar, peanut agar, peanuts and trilaurin-added rice, while did not produce on rice, yeast extract-sucrose broth and sucrose-low salts broth.

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The induction of mitochondrial swelling by chaetochromin A, a bis(naphtho-γ-pyrone) mycotoxin from Chaetomium gracile

Kiyoshi KAWAI, Satoru MORI, Kazuo HISADA, Yoshinori NOZAWA, Kiyotaka K ...

1991 Volume 1991 Issue 33 Pages 25-29
Published: June 30, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2520/myco1975.1991.25

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Chaetochromin A, a bis (naphtho-γ-pyrone) mycotoxin produced by Chaetomiur gracile was examined for the induction of mitochondrial swelling using isolated rat heart and liver mitochondria. Chaetochromin A induced a marked swelling of both heart and liver mito-chondria suspended in isotonic KCl or sucrose solution, implying a possibility of direct injurious action of chaetochromin A to mitochondria in vivo. The swelling was not induced by chaeto-chromin A in the presence of magnesium ion.

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The impairing effect of chaetochromin A and related mycotoxins on mitochondrial respiration

Kiyoshi KAWAI, Kazuo HISADA, Satoru MORI, Yoshinori NOZAWA, Kiyotaka K ...

1991 Volume 1991 Issue 33 Pages 31-35
Published: June 30, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2520/myco1975.1991.31

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Chaetochromin A and related bis (naphtho-γ-pyrone) mycotoxins, cephalochromin and ustilaginoidin A, were examined for the injuring effects on mitochondrial respiration by using isolated rat liver mitochondria to gain insight into the molecular mechanism for their in vivo toxicity. These three mycotoxins were revealed to inhibit the ATP synthesis in mitochondria by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation and depressing state 3 respriration of mitochondria, which may be closely concerned in their cytotoxicity and in vivo toxicity to animals. The correlation between the uncoupling effect of chaetochromin A and its induction of mitochondrial swelling is discussed.

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An examination of Fusarium toxins contamination in wheat, barley, and wheat flours

Tomohiko FUJISAWA, Yoichi ONOUE, Minoru MORI, Minoru MATSUZAKI, Yutaka ...

1991 Volume 1991 Issue 33 Pages 37-39
Published: June 30, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2520/myco1975.1991.37

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The occurrence of deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV) and zearalenone (ZEN) was surveyed with domestic wheat, barley and wheat flours produced from domestic and imported wheat grains. Among the 31 samples examined, 4 wheat and 5 barley samples were positive for NW and 2 wheat samples were positive for DON. Neither ZEN nor multiple contamination of Fusarium toxins was detected in tested samples. Fusarium graminearum isolated from a wheat sample which was contaminated with NIV produced NIV on polished rice.

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Production of mycotoxins by Chaetomium species

K. KOYAMA, K. TAKAHASHI, S. NATORI, S. UDAGAWA

1991 Volume 1991 Issue 33 Pages 40-43
Published: June 30, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2009

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2520/myco1975.1991.40

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Chetomin was isolated from Chaetomium angustispirale, and chaetoviridin A and chaeto-globosin F were isolated from C. subafine. From C. longicolleum, three new related to aflatoxin biosynthesis, and eight known metabolites were isolated : the former were sterigmatocystin hemiacetal acetate (8), 1', 4'-diacetylversiconol (11) and 1'-acetylversiconol (13), and the latter were sterigmatocystin, averufin, versicolorin B, nidurufin, dihydrosterigmatocystin, sterigmatocystin hemiacetal, 4'-acetyl versiconol (versiconol acetate) and versiconol.

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Preferential production and extracellular secretion of the neuronal differentiation factor(s) in aflatoxin B₁-induced rat hepatoma cell lines

Eriko TANAKA, Kotaro AKAOGI, Naomitsu HIRANO, Fumio TASHIRO

1991 Volume 1991 Issue 33 Pages 44-48
Published: June 30, 1991
Released on J-STAGE: February 04, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2520/myco1975.1991.44

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As observed previously in the conditioned medium (CM) of Kagura-2 cells, CM prepared from Kagura-1 cells, the another cell line of aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁)-induced hepatoma, also contains very active neuronal differentiation factor(s) which convert PC12 cells to the sympathetic neuron-like cells. The factor(s) detected in Kagura-1 cell-CM are inactivated by heat, trypsin, acetic acid and dithiothreitol. Molecular weights of the factor (s) are ranging from 6, 000 to 14, 000 Da. These facts indicate that the factor(s) detected in Kagura-1 cell-CM are very similar or identical to those of Kagura-2 cells. In contrast, CM obtained from H4-II-E cells, one of the minimal deviation rat hepatomas, shows only slight activity for the neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells, although the cell extract contains the very active factor(s) as detected in those of AFB₁-induced hepatomas. The synthetic activities of the factor(s) in Balb/3T3, 3Y1, IMR-32 and HeLa cells are negligible except for NRK cells. The present data strongly suggest that the neuronal differentiation factor(s) are constitu-tively produced in rat hepatoma cells involving the minimal deviation H4-II-E cells, and secreted extracellularly in the AFBI-induced hepatoma cell lines.

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