マイコトキシン
Online ISSN : 1881-0128
Print ISSN : 0285-1466
ISSN-L : 0285-1466
1994 巻, 40 号
選択された号の論文の13件中1~13を表示しています
  • 永井 博弌
    1994 年 1994 巻 40 号 p. 5-8
    発行日: 1994/12/31
    公開日: 2009/08/04
    ジャーナル フリー
    バクテリア・リポポリサッカライド(Bacterial lipopolysaccharide;LPS)はバクテリアが産生する強力な毒素であり,種々の生理活性を示す.その生物学的活性は主に生体に存在するマクロファージに作用してサイトカイン(モノカイン)やアラキドン酸代謝産物,活性酸素あるいは酵素類などを産生遊離して発現する.この時適切な量のメディエーターが産生されれば生体の免疫系を活性化して生体防御的に働くが,大量になると生体を障害して種々の病変を紹来する.LPSがマクロファージに作用する時には細胞表面の特別なリガンド(CD 14)に結合して細胞を活性化する.しかし,その詳細な機序や病態およびそれらの抑制薬については不明である.本研究ではE.coli由来のbacterial LPSをマウスに静注して発症する肝障害の発症機序およびその治療薬,さらにLPSをモルモットに吸入させて生じる気道反応性亢進の発症機序と治療薬についてそれぞれ検討したので報告する.
  • 辰野 高司
    1994 年 1994 巻 40 号 p. 9-10
    発行日: 1994/12/31
    公開日: 2009/08/04
    ジャーナル フリー
    昨年の未曽有の米の不作から『外国産米』の輸入が行われ,41年ぶりで『カビ米』の問題がわれわれの身近な問題として感じられる事になった.私にこの主題が与えられたのも,この事が原因であろうと考える. 私は浦口健二先生によって進められた『黄変米研究』に関して「化学の面」でお手伝いした経験から,先生がP.islandicum菌を対象として進められた『中毒学的研究』に示されたリーダーシップと,この研究を支えられた角田廣先生の功績について回顧を行い.『協力研究としてのカビ毒研究の模範となる一例』について述べたい.
  • 一戸 正勝
    1994 年 1994 巻 40 号 p. 11-14
    発行日: 1994/12/31
    公開日: 2009/08/04
    ジャーナル フリー
    穀類に着生してカビ毒汚染をもたらす菌類にはムギ類,トウモロコシの赤かび病にみられるような収穫前の圃場における植物病原菌に区分されるものと,米粒の収穫後の貯蔵,輸送時に発生する病変米の原因になるような貯蔵性菌類に区分されるものとがある.圃場におけるイネ病原菌がカビ毒汚染に関与したと想定される例は1950年代に発生した赤かび被害米粒の摂取による食中毒事件以外にはない.食品衛生学の歴史のうえで米(米粒)に着生するカビが問題視されたことは第二次世界大戦以前からあったが,社会問題にまでなり,その後の我が国のカビ毒研究の発端となったのは貯蔵性菌類による黄変米事件である. 1993年の東日本を中心とする異常気象によるイネの大冷害は外国産米の緊急輸入という事態をもたらし,その安全性をめぐって新聞,テレビをおおいに賑わしたのは黄変米以来のことである. そこで,これまでの我が国における米のカビに関する研究の歴史を概観することにより,それらの研究成果から学ぶことの多いことを期待すると共に,現在の輸入米,国産米のカビおよびカビ毒の問題にいかに対処すべきか考えたい.
  • 上野 郁子
    1994 年 1994 巻 40 号 p. 15-17
    発行日: 1994/12/31
    公開日: 2009/08/04
    ジャーナル フリー
  • Duck-Hwa Chung
    1994 年 1994 巻 40 号 p. 19-22
    発行日: 1994/12/31
    公開日: 2009/08/04
    ジャーナル フリー
    Cereals including rice are carriers of a high content of microbes of natural origin. This problem is augmented by the deficiencies of proper handling during harvesting and storage. Contamination of food grains by some fungi such as Aspergillus, Pencillium, and Fusarium species is actually known to occur very widely. During their growth, those fungi produce a group of toxic metabolites, collectively known mycotoxin. Consumption of such contami nated foodstuffs has been shown to be hazardous to a variety of animals and human. Various fungi such as Aspergillius flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus also have been found and reported in Korea. This paper presents data from a survey on the contamination of fungi in cereals and their problems in Korea.
  • 上村 尚
    1994 年 1994 巻 40 号 p. 23-28
    発行日: 1994/12/31
    公開日: 2009/08/04
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 豊田 正武
    1994 年 1994 巻 40 号 p. 29-31
    発行日: 1994/12/31
    公開日: 2009/08/04
    ジャーナル フリー
    As Japan suffered damage caused by cold weather, rice production dropped to 26% below normal last year and Japan decided to import rice from foreign countries such as Thailand, the USA, China and Australia. Three inspection stages have been carried out to assure the safety of the rice before permission to import into Japan is given: 1) inspection of the rice by the Overseas Merchandise Inspection Co. Ltd. (OMIC) located in the exporting country for various kinds of pesticides, toxic heavy metals and aflatoxins, 2) rice samples in the same lot are sent to Japan by air for further analyses of the same contaminants mentioned above by the Japan Grain Inspection Association, 3) if the inspection results show no violation of Japan Food Sanitation Acts, the rice is shipped to Japan, and the third inspection is conducted by the Quarantine Office according to the Food Sanitation Acts, and by the Plant Quarantine Station and the Food Agency. The rice is then permitted to be imported if no problems are detected. Test items in Quarantine Centers are for 61 pesticides established by Japan Food Sanitation Acts and other pesticides suspected to be used in the exported countries, and aflatoxins. As of July, no samples contained more than the maximum residue limits of these chemicals.
  • 芳澤 宅實, 山崎 美花, 難波 尚規, 山下 明宏, 上田 進, 芝田 英明
    1994 年 1994 巻 40 号 p. 33-37
    発行日: 1994/12/31
    公開日: 2009/08/04
    ジャーナル フリー
    Fifty-eight strains of Gibberella fujikuroi were isolated from Bakanae-diseased seedlings of rice, and examined both for the susceptibility to benomyl fungicide and for the producibility of f umonisin mycotoxin. Among these strains, 46 strains (79%) were resistant to benomyl (MIC, >100 μg/g), and 57 strains showed the pathogenicity to rice seedlings, and all strains produced gibberellin Aa in liquid culture. Fumonisin was produced by 8 strains (14%): 23∼860 μg/g (mean, 380 μg/g) and B2 1∼43 μg/g (mean, 23 μg/g) in corn culture. The fumonisin producibility of these strains was also found in polished-rice culture, but the f umonisin concentrations in rice culture were lower than those in corn culture. Six strains of these producers were resistant to the fungicide. The incidence of fumonisin producers in G. fujikuroi associated with Bakanae disease and their producibilities of the mycotoxin were apparently low as compared with those of Fusarium moniliforme and F. proliferatum isolated from other substrates such as corn.
  • 金 銀哲, 芳澤 宅實
    1994 年 1994 巻 40 号 p. 39-42
    発行日: 1994/12/31
    公開日: 2009/08/04
    ジャーナル フリー
    A field study was conducted in crop fields with wheat-rice rotation in Kagawa in order to examine the relationship between the incidence of trichothecene-producing Gibberella zeae and Fusarium graminearum in the field and the occurrence of trichothecenes such as nivalenol (NIV) and deoxynivalenol (DON) in wheat. Ninety % (28/31) of G, zeae isolates from perithecia on debris of rice stubbles in wheat fields in Kagawa were mycotoxigenic, and, of these toxic isolates, 27 (96.4%) and 1 (3.6%) were NIV- and DON-producers, respectively. All of 54 isolates of dispersal G. zeae ascospores collected in a field in Miki, Kagawa, showed the toxin producibility: 46 (85.2%) and 8 (14.8%) isolates for NIV- and DON-producers, respectively. Furthermore, all of 20 isolates of F. graminearum from wheat grains harvested in the Miki-field were also toxigenic: 13 (65%) and 7 (35%) isolates for NIV- and DON-producers, respectively. The ratio of mean levels of NIV to DON in two wheat samples was 59.7% to 40.3%. Thus, the occurrence of the toxins in wheat was positively correlated to the incidence of the toxigenic fungi in the field.
  • Donghee Lee, W. Mar, J. S. Kim, H. G. Kalantari, M. S. Zong, I.-M. Cha ...
    1994 年 1994 巻 40 号 p. 43-48
    発行日: 1994/12/31
    公開日: 2009/08/04
    ジャーナル フリー
    A survey for occurrences of Fusarium mycotoxins in Korean and imported cereals was conducted. Thirty eight samples of cereals harvested in 1990 from 9 provinces in Korea, thirty six samples of cereals imported in 1989 and 1990, eleven samples of cereals donated from Iran were analyzed for deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), T-2 toxin and zearalenone (ZEN) using gas chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Among the 85 cereal samples, 17 samples were found to be positive for DON, NIV, T-2 toxin and ZEN in the range of 106-368 ng/g, 105-395 ng/g and 7-697 ng/g, respectively. The contaminated mycotoxins were DON in barley (Korea and Iran), rice (India), corn (Korea and China), wheat (Canada, France and India) and oats (Iran), NIV in rice (Japan), wheat (Iran and Canada) and oats (U.S.A.), T-2 toxin in barley (Canada) and ZEN in barley (Korea and Canada), corn (U.S.A. and China), oats (Canada) and grain sorghum (Korea and U.S.A.).
  • 陰地 義樹, 青木 喜也, 谷 直人
    1994 年 1994 巻 40 号 p. 49-51
    発行日: 1994/12/31
    公開日: 2009/08/04
    ジャーナル フリー
    A method for qualitative and quantitative determination of Fusariuna mycotoxins by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was improved. Eight typical Fusariuin mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3ADN), fusarenon-X (FX), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), 15-monoacetylscirpenol (15MAS), T-2 toxin (T-2), scirpentriol (SCT), and zearalenone (ZEA) were subjected to GC/MS without chemical derivatization by means of on-column injection technique. Chromatographic separation of the toxins was achieved with Rtx-200, 30m×0.25mm i.d. capillary column with a 0.25 mm film thickness as a single peak. The fatty acids in the extract that interfere with measurement of the toxins on gas chromatogram were removed by zinc acetate treatment forming insoluble precipitate as metal soap. Additional clean-up was accomplished using Bond Elut Florisil cartridge. The quantitative detection limit ranged from 0.1 to 0.5 ppm. The average recoveries of 93.1% for DON, 3ADN, 15MAS, DAS, T-2 and ZEA, and 46.0% for FX and SCT fortified to barley at level of 1 ppm were obtained.
  • 伊藤 陽子, 後藤 哲久
    1994 年 1994 巻 40 号 p. 52-55
    発行日: 1994/12/31
    公開日: 2009/08/04
    ジャーナル フリー
    Soil samples from the tea fields located from the central to southern parts of Japan were surveyed for Aspergillus fungi. Sixty three soil samples from 13 prefectures were examined using Aspergillus Flavus/Parasiticus Agar and Dichloran Rose-Bengal Chloramphenicol media that are selective for Aspergillus fungi. In 11 soil samples from 7 prefectures, Shizuoka, Mie, Siga, Kochi, Fukuoka, Nagasaki, and Miyazaki, 27 strains of A. Favus group fungi were isolat-ed. Among these, 4 isolates from 3 prefectures, Mie, Kochi and Miyazaki, produced aflatoxins. One of these isolates from Miyazaki prefecture produced more than 10 ppm of aflatoxin B1 in a liquid medium. Twenty one isolates from 6 prefectures produced cyclopiazonic acid (CPA). Several of these isolates produced more than 5 ppm of CPA in a liquid medium.
  • 成田 紀子, 鈴木 明子, 田中 東一, 池渕 秀治, 一戸 正勝
    1994 年 1994 巻 40 号 p. 56-59
    発行日: 1994/12/31
    公開日: 2009/08/04
    ジャーナル フリー
    The production of zearalenone and its reduced compound, zearalenol, by Fusariurn graminearurn growing in the sterilized barley was analyzed. Zearalenone and zearalenol were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The ratio of zearalenone and zearalenol content during the period (1 to 10 days) of incubation varied among the tested strains and the production of zearalenone was influenced by the concentration of zearalenol in some strains.
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