Glioblastoma is the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults. Despite aggressive surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, the prognosis for this disease remains poor. Local recurrence remains the predominant mode of treatment failure, with about 80% of recurrences located within 2cm of resection cavity on MRI. Aggressive local therapy using SRS, BCNU wafers might bring modest increase in median survival of a few months. Recently, target of the therapy has changed from contrast enhanced lesions to possibly invading lesions which were shown as high intensity lesion on FLAIR image.

Some papers using new modalities reported improved outcome for the patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. A multicenter trial will be required to elucidate its value.

Predication of patter of recurrence is also required to determine appropriate therapy. It has been reported that neuro-imaging and molecular makers are useful to predict recurrence pattern, however further study will be need for more accurate estimation.

Recent studies on pediatric glioblastomas revealed recurrent mutations in genes encoding core histone H3. In particular, mutation in H3F3A, which encodes the histone variant H3.3, which results in replacement of 27^th lysine residue in the histone tail by methionine (K27M), was shown to be frequent in gliomas located in the midline region of the central nervous system. Such gliomas include diffuse intrinsic pediatric glioma (DIPG), as well as thalamic and spinal glioma. The newly revised 2016 WHO classification defined the ‘diffuse midline glioma, H3 K27M–mutant’, based on this recently discovered mutation. In this review, I will discuss the molecular characteristics of H3 K27M mutation, and clinical features of brain tumors harboring this mutation.

Intracranial growing teratoma syndrome (IGTS) is a rare clinical entity, which presents with enlarging teratoma masses occurring during or after systemic chemotherapy for the treatment of nonseminomatous germ cell of the testis (NSGCT), with normalised tumor markers. We report a patient who experienced IGTS during systemic chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

The patient is a 12years old boy and the location of tumor was pineal area. Mixed Germ Cell Tumor was diagnosed by biopsy and tumor markers (AFP and HCG). Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are performed after biopsy and endoscopic third ventriculostomy(ETV). Despite the decrease in tumor marker levels to normal values, MRI examination revealed that tumor size increased. Total tumor resection are performed and histological analysis of tumor tissue only revealed a mature teratoma.

Pilocytic astrocytoma (PA) is the brain tumor frequently found in children. Surgery is curative therapy in areas of the brain amenable to complete resection. However, the tumor located in areas where complete resection is not possible can threaten both function and life. The appropriate treatment is unclear yet. Options include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, surgical resection or a combination. The authors present the case of a 7-year-old girl with right arm paralysis and a biopsy-proven pilocytic astrocytoma in the left basal ganglia.

Chemotherapy was performed after biopsy and disappearance of the enhanced area was confirmed. MRI examination revealed that tumor recurrence six months after chemotherapy, so a total extirpation was performed. The pathological findings showed no degenerative change and the MIB-1 index was 4-7%. No post operation therapy was performed.