Writer reports that when, where and how “the Shindens”-newly settlements and thier arable lands increased in the Edo-Erra. We are given 10 Old Cenduses which was investigated arable lands and population of every villages by the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1558, 1588, 1605, 1645, 1702, 1716, 1804, 1831, 1846 and 1873. In this report, 4 Old Censuses in 1645, 1716, 1846 and 1873 are the principal and important data, for these Old Censuses are the most exact than other Old Censuses and were taken census with the same method of Investigation.
1), When did newly settlements and thier arable lands increase?
In the beginning of the Edo-Erra, there were 63, 276 and 24.5 millions Koku (10 koku is a yielding of about, 2.45 acres) arable lands according to the Census in 1645. In the end of the Edo-Erra, settlements were 70, 375 and thier arable lands were 32 millions Koku according to the Census in 1873. During 228 years, namely in the Edo-Erra, newly Settlements increased 16, 999 and arable lands increased 7.3 millions.
Writer points out The Three Increas-Stages which puts one stagenant between the 2nd and the 3rd Increase-Stage. The 1st Increase-Stage was from the begnning of 17c to the middle of 17c. In this stage, Settlements increased 8, 161 and arable lands 1.6 millions Koku. The 2nd Increase-Stage was from the end of 17c to the beginning of 18c and Settlements increased 1, 583, arable lands 4.2 millions KoKu. But long stagenation-Stage was succeed by the cause of social, circumstances, chiefly the decrease of rural population till the end of 18c. The 3rd Increase-Stage was the beginning of 19c. to the end of Edo-Erra. Settlements increased 7, 255 and their arable lands 1.5 millions.
2), Where and How did newly settlement and arable lands increase?
As newly arable lands in the Edo-Erra were chiefly rice fields which were reclained by the encouragements of Feudal land owners and the needs of Peasants, reclamaitions of wast lands were determined by the irrigations and drainages. The More advanced the technique of embankment and controll of water were, the more multiple reclaimable wast lands were. Untill the middle of 17, fans and plains of the middle of streams were reclaimed in the east-northern Japan, and deltas and plains of the lower of streams were reclained in the west-southern Japan with the Kanto-Riu-the not advanced embankment and controll-water technique. In the end of 18c, this technique advanced from the Kanto-Riu to the Kishu-Riu-the excellent technique of embankment and controll-water, but social and political conditions of Feudal times disturbed the increase of “Shinden”. As soon as these conditions disappered in the beginning of 19c, reclamations increase in violence with this advanced technique in the margin of deltas in the west-southern Japan and at the bat drainage plain in the down Streams or deltas in the east-northern Japan.

View full abstract

Small scale management of farming land is one of the characteristics of Japannese agriculture. While it is generally attributed to the very high density of agricultural population, it can be more fully explained by studying the historical development of the farming system.
Thus the tendency of our farms to become smaller in size must be considered both geographically and historically. The focus of this study is laid on the way of local intensification of commercial agriculture, as indicated by the change in land utilization and the change of the class-structure of farmers.
The author studied the mandarin orange cultivation areas in Shizuoka prefecture, Which is the largest producer of the fruit. After field study and reference to records and statistics of the site and the acreage of orchards and of the planting and managing practices, the following conclusions were reached.
(1) It was during the social and economic change following the Meiji revolution that orange cultivation in the district was commercialized.
(2) Just as the center of the orange production moved from other disticts to Shizuoka historically, its central area continued moving within the prefecture.
(3) In general, majority of the producers are tenant farmers who opened orchards on hillsides by cutting forests. However, in some newly developing areas landowners are also important as producers.
(4) While landlords and peasants were the two conflicting forces contributing to the development of commercial agriculture in Japan, the latter was the dominant agent in modernizing orange cultivation in the prefecture.

View full abstract

“Hinokuni” is the old name of Japan. “Hi” meaning the sun and “kuni” means country. “Japan” is the name that the foreigners “Nippon”: Nip=HI=Sun, pon=origin, and so Nippon denoets “the sun rising country”. Therefore Hinokuni, Nippon, and Japan have the same meaming.
Settlement of Japan begun from Izumo and northern kyushu in the ancient times by rice culture peoples, after which Yamato became civilized.
The author discoveved a series of these place-names in these ancient civilized district Namely they are as follows.
Taale I
The most conspicuous fact is that the place-name of Yamato can be found in all the civilized regions of ancient Japan listed above. But “Yamato” was interpreted untill now a smeaning “the placewhich mountains lie” because it seemed to be so only by the linguistic analogy; Yama=mountain, to=place. The author has found ita reasonable explanaton through the Malay word Yamtuan=King, Sovereign.

View full abstract