The writers analysed the industry, economy, land use, settlement and tourism in the area from the view point of the development process and the socioeconomic aspects in this paper. The results are as follows:
I. The Norikura Plateau is located at the upper limit, in terms of altitude, for agriculture in Japan. The people can not keep up their living standards by only agriculture on this plateau, because the productivity of the land is very low. Therefore, prior to 1970, the people had to manage not only with the subsistance cultivation of cereals, but also with sericulture, charcoalmaking, dairy cattle breeding, the gathering of mountain products and hunting.
After 1970, the tourist industry have provided the most jobs, but the people still manage with composite jobs.
II. The settlements are divided into two types, i.e., permanent and seasonal (temporary settlement for cultivation), in the Norikura Plateau. Among those temporary settlements for cultivation, Bandoko (1, 300m above sea-level) has already become a permanent settlement in the 1890's. Now Bandoko is the core settlement in the Norikura Plateau. Kanayamadaira (1, 500m) was a temporary settlement for cultivation until the first half of the 1940's.
Kanayamadaira has been changed into a permanent settlement by the development of the tourist industry, as a skiing ground in winter as well as a summer resort.
Shirahone Spa has developed into a permanent settlement after World War II. The other temporary settlements for cultivation has since disappeared.
III. The process of the settlement and socio-economic development in the Norikura Plateau are shown in the table in the next page.
(i) Since 1927, the Norikura Plateau has been used as the mountain's skiing ground in winter. The skiers came mostly from Tokyo. (ii) After World War II, the Norikura Plateau has developed also as a summer resort and as a skiing ground for the local people principally. (iii) During the first half of the 1960's, many village houses became “Minshuku” (“Minshuku” are cheap lodging houses in tourist resorts, and most of them are usually operated by farmers and fisherfolk for additional income.). In the Norikura Plateau, there were 33 hotels and 66 Minshukus in 1975.
However, the Norikura skiing ground is a local one, because the skiing ground is relatively small, and the traffic condition is no good. The poor traffic condition has, in the main, restricted the development of the tourist resort in the Norikura Plateau.

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A boundary line usually must be thought from the relation between the environs and internal part of nation. A boundary line is not always constant, so the line which was formerly Frontier has a tendency to become a boundary when a political organization is established. In this case, the strength of the internal power exercises an influence upon the establishment of a boundary line.
In Indochina, in the era of the racial migration, it is thought that there had been village states, and after unification of them, an ancient nation-state was created. The boundary line area was always affected by the strength of the central power of the nation. It remained as Frontier territory until it was colonized.
As the colonization of Indochina was pursued, France wanted to establish a clear supremacy, and tried to boundarize its frontier district. After the Second World War, Indochina has become an international Frontier territory under such conditions as two super powers from outside and the influence of Communism and the expansion of Nationalism inside.
In 1975, unified by communists, the nations in Indochina formed socialistic states, and more and more there appeared the Boundarization with neighbouring nations by their power influence.

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According to the author's view, teachers of geography should stand to teach characters and characteristics of regions vividly. Dynamic regional geography is very useful for this role, in which the relationships of geographical elements are made much of, and most important subjects in the region have to discuss in the first step. The most important point in dynamic regional geography should be “the way of life”, which is the result of economic activities, and in which some cultural aspects are reflected. The author tries to make a dynamic regional geography of the Istanbul Metropolitan Area according to the way of life. The Metropolitan Area is divided into three areas: the central area where the rate of population growth is low; the middle, high; the peripheral area, low (Fig. 2).
(1) The central area Eminönü shows that Istanbul is a tourist city in the Islamic world, where the citizens live on many historical inheritances: the preeminence of religious functions in the city enables chief mosques to the central core of this area, and in the immediate neighborhood we can find bazaars and public baths. In Beyoglu, there are Istiklâl Street and Taksim District, where lodging, amusement, and information facilities which are related to sightseeing are located. The livelihood is based on sightseeing here too.
(2) The middle area consists of three groups, that is, the first (Bakirköy and Kartal), the second (Gaziosmanpasa, Eyüp, Sisli, Fatih and Zeytinburnu) and the third group (Üskudar, Kadiköy, Besiktas and Sariyer). Into the first group area many people have been immigrating as factory workers. The second had been industrialized in early days, but we can find the urban problems there: the population growth is more rapid than the development of industries, which is characteristic in developing countries. The third is a suburban residential or recreational district along Bosphorus, where the livelihood is based on the more beautiful natural environment.
(3) The peripheral area includes Silivri, Çatalca, Beykoz, Sile and Yalova. They are agricultural regions, and the inhabitants get a livelihood by supplying the urban district with food.

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