For students proceeding to municipality funded High Schools, the nation has adopted a system whereby the country is divided into education districts. This measure has been taken to ensure equal opportunity to all aspiring students. The division into education districts was adopted by Osaka Prefecture in 1948 and after being the subject of a debate on possible revisions in 1953 and in 1963, has been in force to the present day. As an auxiliary measure to ensure a balance between the respective subdivided education districts, there is the parallel application of an adjustable school system. As to the system in 1973, the newspapers pointed out the dispelling of excessive concentration of would be entrants to specific schools and effective reduction of disqualification of specific schools, as laudable results and ended up reporting very favorably concerning the effectiveness of the revisions achieved. However this is an evaluation from the administrative side of the school system and from the viewpoints of the school system and from the viewpoints of the schools themselves and the citizens living in the respective districts, it has been clarified that there are a number of inherent contradictions as yet to be reconciled.
This paper is a report on movement which targeted these contradictions and was initiated to provide equal opportunity to all examination applicants through establishing of new schools.

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The present report announces the sequel of the report which appeared in this publication in 1988. The diffusion process of automobiles which had been used on the Japanese road traffic as modern transport facility, during the Taisho and the pre-war Showa eras (1912-1937) was discussed through descriptive analysis in the first report. This time we shall try to clarify the same problem as the first report using a quantitative method of four-variable trend surface analysis.
The study was made according to the following arrangements: First, the number of automobiles per ten thousand population was calculated for each of forty-seven prefectures for the year's 1915, 1920, 1925, 1930 and 1935. The distribution of these data was to be considered in two kinds of space. Namely, one is a physical space (geographical space), and the other is a two-dimensional Euclidean common space.
In order to recover the two-dimensional common space the individual difference scaling (INDSCAL), one of the multidimensional scaling was applied to the set of two dissimilarity matrices, elements of which are dissimilarity indices of both occupation structure between prefectures and birthplace structure between prefectures. As much as 88.9% of the variance in the matrices was explained by the two-dimensional common space (Fig. 2). The first co-ordinate axis was interpreted as occupation structure: prefectures with high commercial and manufacturing occupation rates lie on the left and those with high agricultural occupation rate on the right. The second co-ordinate axis could be interpreted as regionalization: eastern prefectures lie on the upper and western ones on the lower.
Linear through cubic four-variable trend analyses were applied to the number of automobiles per ten thousand population to examine the diffusion process in each space. The time-slices of quadratic hypersurf aces were drawn both in the physical space (Fig. 1) and in the common space (Fig. 3).

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In Japan, subcontract factories have been decentralized in mountain villages during the rapid economic growth period. As a result, it came to produce new labor demands, and the local labor market has shown a kind of hierarchical structure. One is the “first type” labor market by which new graduates are chiefly targeted, and the other is the “second type” which absorbs the middle and advanced age that lives in the mountain villages. Workers who belong to the former can be applied the seniority wage and the lifelong employment system, and acquire the income equivalent to urban workers. On the other hand, the latter exploit the unstable day laborers, who can be paid no more than the minimum wage. Such gaps in income level and employment status have impeded the autonomous development of mountain villages.
Until now, many studies have been accumulated about this hierarchical structure of the local labor market. Many of them focused on the elucidation of a depopulation mechanism. However, investigations are comparatively few on the separated mountain villages, in which manufacturing industries are not located yet. Thus, the author chose the Nakatsugawa hamlet as a field, which is a typical “Forestry-based village” in the Chichibu area. And the following points were clarified as the result of my research in 1989.
Firstly, it is remarkable that labor demand and supply are mostly closed in the village. This characteristic is still maintained by the isolated location and low settling (U-turn) rate of the young. And that promotes further population outflow.
According to the gaps of income level and working conditions, the author can divide the employment structure of this hamlet into three classes. The first class workers can receive average wages in the Chichibu area, the second class can receive lower daily wages and the third class consist of the temporarily employed housewives receiving the lowest wages. Moreover, the first class is also higher than the other in terms of employment status.
This is a commontende ncy in Japanese mountain villages. However, such a hierarchy does not so much reflect the academic background and the age in this hamlet, where new graduates seldom settle. The author can admit a regional trait in terms of job selection during the 1960-70's. Until the 1960's, it was the subcontract workers employed by the forestry office or the Chichibu Mine who get the highest wage in this hamlet. status and treat- remained as regular workers have consequently secured relatively high change to keep ment. On the other hand, who repeated temporal labor migration or job Among them, who their income level have been obliged unstable status as “implicitly contracted day laborer”
It is still difficult to commute out of the village from this hamlet. Therefore, labor market of the “first type” is hardly formed. Though, it has turned out a kind of hierarchy appeared to the wage level and working conditions. This was so because central capitalists, who had entered there, enclosed the excellent workforce during 1960-70's.

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