The purpose of the present study is to clarify the relationship among spatial recognition of heavy snow area, degree of understanding in the physical process of heavy snow, and related social matters. In this study, questionnaire survey was conducted in June of 2005 for 188 second-grade students of junior high school in Tokyo. The students-considered heavy snow areas are traced on a map over Far East in and around Japan. The students have not learned about snowfall area over Asian continent.
As the first step, the students-considered heavy snow areas are classified into five patterns by using cluster analysis. These patterns include (I) large part of the northern area of Far East, (II) northeastern part of Far East, (III) Asian continent and coastal area of all Japanese archipelago, (IV) maritime area in and around Japan, and (V) coastal area of the Sea of Japan. The last pattern (V) corresponds to actual heavy snow area, and is regarded as appropriate structure of spatial recognition.
As for the students who answered appropriate heavy snow area, the most of them know accurate physical process of heavy snow, that is, the formation process of heavy snow area related to the northwest winter monsoon from the Asia continent and the orographic effects of mountain ranges. Moreover, the ratio of students who know concrete social matters such as building structure and extinguish facility of snow is also higher than other students. On the contrary, the ratio of students who made vague answer on the physical process and social matter is large in the category of spatial recognition that do not correspond to the actual heavy snow area. Furthermore, the ratio of students' answer on the information acquisition process, the knowledge of the physical process/social matter, and the respective spatial recognition patterns are examined statistically. As a result, the relationship between the answer of heavy snow area and the knowledge of physical process/social matter are regarded as statistically significant at the 1% level.
In addition, characteristics of the students with the spatial recognition that corresponds to the actual heavy snow area are analyzed. The students who answered only the concrete social matters, spatial recognition of the heavy snow area is due to specific memory and observation of the social matters. These social matters are grasped by visiting the heavy snow area and watching/listening through the mass media. On the other hand, the students who understand the accurate physical process of heavy snow can draw the correct heavy snow area even through they have not learned about snowfall area. They deduced the heavy snow area from the wind direction of winter monsoon and location of mountain ranges. Therefore, the physical processes of natural phenomenon have transfer effects of knowledge to other geographical phenomena.
It is concluded that the physical process of natural phenomenon is important for grasping not only its spatial structure but also other regional characteristics in the geographical learning.

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Intensive dairying was once flourished in suburban area of Los Angeles, especially in Bellflower, Artesia and Dairy Valley (Cerritos). Development of industrial, commercial and residential areas pushed out these dairies to Chino Valley and San Joaquinn Valley in 1960's. There were more than 300 dairies with average 600-700 milk cows in 1980's in Chino Valley, consisted of San Bernadino and Riverside counties, the most concentrated dairy area of the World. These intensive grassless dairies on the average 40 acres land were called as drylot dairies. Real state of dry lot dairies and background of their relocation are cleared by intensive field works in this paper.
Dairies in Chino Valley was included to Los Angeles milkshed around 1930, when 117 dairies operated by family farms. However, drylot dairies were moved to Chino Valley from Artesia region in 1960s with the expansion of builtup area. Thus, number of dairies increased from 97 in 1950 to 250 in 1963, 320 in 1977, 349 in 1991. Three forth of the dairies located in San Bernadino County and the rest in Riverside County. Agricultural reserve with 15, 000 acres was permitted for dairy promotion in 1968 in San Bernadino County.
Drylot dairies predominates in Chino Valley landscape. Dry lot dairy was consisted of milking parlor, feed storage, corral and sewage lagoon in addition to the stacks of hay bail. These feeds were supplied from Imperial Valley and Midwest as well as San Joaquin Valley. Owner and his parents houses locate in front of street as well as milking parlor. Cows were milked twice a day by hired laborer, mostly Hispanic, using automatic milking machines. Milk was shipped to milk bottling and dairy products companies in Los Angeles by lorries twice a day.
Some dairies relocate in San Joaquin Valley and other areas from 1980, when the urban pressure to dairies was amounted. New comers complain to fly, odor and air polution to the dairies. Environment Protection Agency forced promote to remove dairy manure and sewage water to prevent runoff and nitrate contamination. Dairies in Riverside County have a trends to relocate earlier than agricultural reserve in San Bernadino County. They build big dairies in San Joaquin valley with the big money, which sell their land at more than 100, 000$ an acre. Dairies in Chino Valley also relocate to high deserts, north states and New Mexico and Kansas High Plains. We also find that some big dairies build two or three sites for their brothers or sons. The number of dairies dropped sharply from 278 in 2001 to 134 in 2004.
After dairy moved out in Chino Valley, the farmstead was occupied by another dairies. Some dairies managed three or five dairy operations by renting relocated dairy lots like Hein Hettinga and Gorzenmann. Transitional land use were also observed in addition to dairies. Custom calf feeding, nursery and flower plants, and Chinese vegetable gardens are operated on the leased land. But dairy area changed to residential area through social fallow within 2 or 3 years.

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