This paper identifies the differences of physical and social characteristics between two ethnic towns in Toronto, Little Italy and Little Portugal, and clarifies factors in continued existence of each town. 　Kaplan (1998) classified relationships between ethnic business and spatial concentration into four patterns. Sugiura (2011) interpreted Kaplan’s model into a developmental model of an ethnic town composed of four stages: 1) germination stage, 2) agglomerated ethnic town stage, 3) ethnic business town stage, and 4) vestige stage. This paper employed Sugiura’s model with an assumption in which the formation of an ethnic town varies by passing time. Two ethnic towns discussed in this paper were formed in different periods: Little Italy in 1920s and Little Portugal in late 1960s. Therefore, the developmental stages of each town are considered different. 　The findings showed different characteristics of both ethnic towns in terms of population, land use, landscape, proportions of ethnic employers and employees, and transition of the number of ethnic businesses started in the towns respectively. Nowadays, Italian population in Little Italy accounts only for about 10％, whereas Portuguese is the most predominant group in Little Portugal, occupying nearly 30％. Employers in Little Italy, including Italians (29％), are depending on non-ethnic labours, which occupy 89％ of total employees. In addition, the number of businesses run by non-Italians has been increasing since second half of 1990s, while Italian businesses had been dominant until 1990s. However, Little Italy attracts external customers such as tourists by the “ethnic” landscape institutionally generated to fit for the image of the neighbourhood. Little Italy has been standing as an ethnic business town, due to landscapes utilized as a device expressing ethnicity. On the other hand, Portuguese population still concentrates in Little Portugal, and Portuguese employers occupy 65％ of all employers there. The Portuguese employers employ Portuguese residents, relying for 57％ of whole labour force in the neighbourhood, to serve Portuguese customers. Portuguese residents in Little Portugal and the surrounding area are mainly composed of the first generation who immigrated in 1960s and 1970s. They cannot assimilate easily into the host society because of language barrier. This first generation of Portuguese immigrants has been helping the formation of Little Portugal as an agglomerated ethnic town.

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This report aims to present the recent development of Japan’s geography education. It focuses primarily on development from the 1980s to the present, but also covers earlier periods depending on the topic. 　This report is structured as follows. Chapter I describes the objective and background of this report. Chapter II provides an overview of the general geography curriculum in Japan. In postwar Japan, the educational curriculum has been announced approximately every 10 years by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Science, Sports and Technology (MEXT) using the Course of Study as a standard. We summarized the system of the Course of Study and its historic development. Chapter III presents a discussion of research results in articles and books on geography education published between the 1980s and 2013. The subsections are overall review, geography education research, overseas research on geography education, geography curriculum/coursework composition theory research, cognitive research, and geography education content theory/methodology theory research. We also touched on the changes in the research environment concerning geography education during this period. Chapter IV describes the promotional and training activities promoted by academic groups. Activity contents were classified into activities that are targeted for children/students (e.g. promotion of the Science and Geography Olympiad Japan Championship) and those targeted for school teachers (e.g. implementation of training activities). Chapter Ⅴ presents conclusion and problems of this report.

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