“Shōnen-no-hi-no-omoide,” the Japanese translation of Hermann Hesse's short story “Jugendgedenken,” is often used as teaching material in the subject of kokugo. The interpretation of the story is usually centered on the last confession of the guest called “I,” but in my class I try to make a different interpretation by structurally foregrounding another narrator who retells what “I” tells him. By this way of reading based on the “third term” theory, I facilitate the reader-students to see his confession from a more detached standpoint. If they can realize how “I” is entrapped in his own obsession, then they will also realize how they themselves are entrapped in their own.
In his later career Takehiko Saigō, the president of the Council of Literary Education, advocated the necessity of “complimentary interrelations” to transcend the dualistic worldview. Mochimochi-no-ki, Ryūsuke Saitō's story for children, is an excellent text for learning the importance of his literary and educational outlook. As one of Mr. Saigō's students, here I will read the story to explore a possibility of “complimentary interrelations” which is implied in the figure of a boy named Mameta.
Takehiko Saigō is a literary scholar who first became known for his theory of viewpoints which was once widely applied to the teaching of kokugo. In 2008 he struck out in a new direction with the theory of intermutation which he must have elaborated under no small influence of Minoru Tanaka's theory of the “third term.” In this article I will critically compare the two theories through the reading of Ryūnosuke Akutagawa's “Rashō-mon” which focuses on its character-objects.
In the “Rō-no-ue” chapter of Utsuho-monogatari there is a scene where Inumiya displays the secret technique of playing a koto harp at the Kyōgoku Residence. Ex-Emperor Saga is invited there, but he gets so completely lost in his memory of the place that he pays little attention to her performance. The ex-emperor's indifference to music graphically represents an unbridgeable discrepancy between art and politics. His frequent act of looking backward to the past also works as flashback, but paradoxically it turns out to be future-oriented in the climax of the story. In this way the ex-emperor's viewpoint plays multiple and complicated roles in Utsuho-monogatari.