The bell-shaped clay objects of the Yayoi period are earthenware representations of bronze dotaku bells and are distributed from north Kyushu to the Kinki and Tokai regions. In addition to undecorated examples, some of these objects have flowing water, crossed band, horizontal band and other decorations copied from dotaku. Pictures and symbolic marks are also sometimes incised on these objects. In this article I compare the "human figure", "halberd" and "x" designs that are shared between bell-shaped clay objects and decorated pots and bronzes and consider their significance.
Firstly, many of the "human figures" hold halberds and other weapons and shields. Rather than actual battles, these figures are equipped to commune with the grain spirits, showing that they played an essential role in rituals relating to rice cultivation.
The "halberds" originally had a blade fixed at a right angle to the shaft and functioned to kill and maim. That the Yayoi people had a special image of the hook-shaped morphology of the "halberd" can be assumed from the fact that almost all weapons in primitive pictorial representations are halberds.
Finally, the "x" mark is more a symbol than a picture. If one extends the inverted triangle of the torso of figures with weapons, it forms an "x" at the intersection and the author therefore argues that this is a symbolic representation of a "figure holding a halberd". Similar "x" marks can be seen on pottery pictures and Osaka Bay type bronze halberd molds from the Kinki and San' in regions as well as on the hilt of bronze daggers and the handle of dotaku bells from Izumo. An "x" is also found on thin-broad bronze daggers from the Setouchi and medium-broad bronze halberds from north Kyushu.
It would appear that the three types of representations of "figures", "halberds" and "x" were not separate but closely related. Figures with hook-shaped halberds communed with the grain spirits to ask for fertility and it can be concluded that clay bell-shaped objects had a significance that was linked to dotaku and weapon-shaped bronzes. Furthermore, the fact that bell-shaped objects are excavated in settlements and from features near water is a pattern shared with small dotaku. Thus clay bell-shaped objects can probably be seen as ritual objects used by groups who possessed shared rights to irrigation facilities.
The pictures and symbols on clay bell-shaped objects were distributed across western Japan from the last third of the Middle to the first third of the Late Yayoi. Although the Yayoi people maintained regional diversity in burials and pottery styles, they shared a spiritual world related to fertility and magic.
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