The ultrasonic absorption of poly (vinylpyrrolidone), -(P: VP) in N, N-dimethylformamide was measured at various frequencies from 4.2 MHz to 130 MHz over the temperature range 10° C to 35° C. The molecular weight of PVP, used was 36 X 1O^2-. The double relaxation processes were observed over the temperature and frequency range investigated.

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Heat of wetting, contact angle and water adsorption isotherm were measured to investigate some surface properties of graphite fluoride. From the heat of wetting measurements in some organic liquids, it was found that the surface of graphite fluoride was nonpolar and the interaction with the wetting liquids was entirely due to dispersion force. Only the heat of wetting in water was exceptionally- endothermic. Total surface energy of graphite fluoride was much lower than that of Teflon. The surface free energy (rsd) of graphite fluoride due to dispersion force, which was estimated to be 6-3(ergs/cm²) from contact angle measuremehts, was lowest among the hydrophobic solids. It was found from water adsorption isotherm measurements that the ratio of hydrophilic area to the total surface area of graphite fluoride was only O.0O^2-. Adsorption of water on graphite fluoride was considered to proceed to form clusters on the hydrophilic sites, as well as on Graphon.

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In order to investigate the surface adsorption behavior of a polyelectrolyte onto fiber, ζ-potential of Nylon 6 fiber in acidic aqueous solutions (pH 4) of sodium polystyrenesulfonate (Na-PSS) was measured. The amount of Na-PSS adsorbed per unit area of the fiber surface was calculated from the ζ-potential. The sign of the ζ-potential of the fiber rapidly changed from positive to negative with the increase in the Na-PSS concentration and thereafter, the negative values were gradually increased or saturated. The amount of adsorption of the polyelectrolyte was independent of the degree of polymerization. The maximum amount of adsorption, As, was practically independent of the molecular weight of the polymer, M. It was, therefore, suggested that a large portion of the segments of the polymer molecule is adsorbed on the fiber surface. The amount of adsorption decreased with increasing the degree of sulfonation of Na-PSS.

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The kinetics of propylene polymerization catalyzed by TiCl3-Al(C_2C1-15)2X (X=Cl, Br, I) in n-heptane were investigated under the following conditions: temperature=30-57° C, [TiCl8]=16 mmol/l, concentration of Al (C_2CH₅) 2X [ A ]=5-60 mmol//, and propylene pressure [ P ]=0.2.9 atm. The polymerization rate increased variously with the reaction time at the initial stage, depending on the order of the addition of Al (C_2CH₅)2X and propylene to TiCl5. The polymerization rate increased slowly after an induction period in Case A (i) TiCl5, (ii) Al (C_2CH₅), X, (iii) propylene. In Case B (i) TiCls, (ii) propylene, (iii) Al(C_2CH₅)2X, the polymerization rate increased rapidly without any induction period. The degree of the accelera- tion of the rate, (dRidt)o, in Case B, was represented by (dRldt) 0=k, P[A], where the activation energy, [1] was 17 kcal/mol, which was independent of the kind of Al (C_2CH₅) 2X. The rate was not influenced by the order of the addition, excepting the initial stage. The polymerization rate in the case of Al (C_2C1-15) 2Cl or Al (C_2CH₅) 2Br increased monotonically to the stationary rate, Roo, while it decreased gradually to zero through a maximum in the case Al C_2C11O^2-1. The stationary rate, R-, or the extrapolated rate, Re, in the latter case was represented Roo (or R0)=K[A]l (1+ K[A]). The decay of the rate in the latter case was expressed by R=Re exp (k3Pt). The activation energy, Ep (11'-. '13 kcal/mol), and the temperature coefficient of K, Eic(kcal/mol), was almost independent of the kind of Al (C_2C1-15)2X. The observed activation energy, Ee, was about 15 kcal/mol. These results were discussed in the light of kinetic models.

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Disproportionation of propylene and butenes over the MoO^2-Al2O^2- catalysts were investigated by means of both flow and pulse reactor technique and the reactivity and inhibiting effects of these olefins were compared. Adsorption of ethylene and carbon monoxide on variously reduced MoO^2-Al2O^2- catalysts were also studied using pulse reactor technique.
The apparent reactivities of these olefins, which were estimated by disproportionation of propylene, 1-butene or 2-methylpropene and metathesis of 2-methylpropene with propylene or trans-2-butene, decreased in the following order; propylenetrans-2-butene-1-buten. e2-methylpropene. Inhibiting effects of various olefins on the disproportionation of propylene determined by a competitive reaction technique decreased in the following order: cis-2-butene1-butene 2-methylpropene trans-2-butene ethylene. This order agreed with that of the gas chromatographic retention times of these olefins separated on a column of benzyl cyanide-AgNO₃ on Neopack 1 A. The characteristics of the adsorption of ethylene remarkably depended both on the atomic ratio of Mo to Al and on the reducing state of the MoO^2-Al2O^2- catalyst. The activity of the variously reduced MoO^2-Al2O^2- catalysts for the disproportionation of propylene well correlated with the ammount of CO adsorbed, as in the cases of other supported MoO₃ catalysts.
It was concluded that the type of adsorption of olefins on the MoO^2-Al2O^2- catalyst differed from that of adsorption on ordinary acid-site, and that the steric factor of substrate played an important role in the adsorption of the olefins on the active center of the catalyst which probably was Mo ions in low valence state.

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Hydrogenation of phenol with rhodiumpalladium alloy catalysts supported on activated carbon was investigated in acetic acid solvent under an atmospheric pressure of hydrogen at about room temperature. In this alloy series the activity per unit weight of catalyst showed a maximum at about 85% Rh. The same tendency was found for the activity per unit surface area of metal on carrier.. The reaction was first order in hydrogen pressure and zero order in phenol concentration. The activation energy for the nuclear hydrogenation of phenol decreased with the addition of rhodium to palladium and was about 7 to 6 kcal/mol. It was found that more than 60% of phenol was hydrogenated to cyclohexanol through cyclohexanone as an intermediate, but cyclohexanol was also formed by direct hydrogenation of cyclohexenols. The quantity of cyclohexanone formed in the course of the reaction decreased remarkably when rhodium was added to palladium. On these alloy catalysts the selectivityc for cyclohexa- none formation was about 60-70% at 30° C, and increased with the increase of the reaction temperature. The compensation effect of reaction rate for the nuclear hydrogenation of phenol was recognized.

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The reaction of hydrogen sulfide to polyarylene quinone f (PAQ) and that of oxygen to polyarylene hydroquinone (PAHQ) were studied by static method. The, dormer reaction proceeded at room temperature, the conversion of PAQ being 95.8% at 185° C for 3 hours. The latter reaction occured scarcely at lower than 100° C and the conversion of PAHQ became 85.2% at 200° C for 3 hours.
The oxidative dehydrogenation of hydrogen sulfide with oxygen over PAQ catalyst was studied at atmospheric pressure using a flow type reactor. The reaction order was 0.6 with respect to. hydrogen sulfide and was 0.4 with respect to oxygen. The activation energy was 10.4 kcal/mol in the temperature range of 180-220° C.

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The poisoning effect of CO on the hydrogenation of ethylene over palladium supported on silica-alumina was examined. In the case using. a catalyst covered by strongly adsorbed, CO, the initial rate of hYcirogenation, Ro, was expressed by R0=kPH₂/(1+. Kfc2H4) and the apparent activation energy, Ea, was approximately 10 kcal/mol. On the other hand, Ro=knP1-42/Pco and Ea, =20 kcal/mol were obtained in the coexistence of CO in the gas 'phase. The catalytic activity of CO-treated catalyst is proportional to the surfade area of palladium. It was concluded from these results that both weakly and strongly adsorbed hydrogens are present on the unpoisoned catalyst, and that the strongly adsorbed hydrogen is much more active for ethylene hydrogenation. Hydrogen adsorbed on the poisoned catalyst is exclusively weakly adsorbed one.

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Catalytic activity and the preperation method of supported palladium were investigated using the vapor phase oxidative coupling of n-propanol and acetaldehyde as a model reaction.
C3H7OH CH₃CHO + 1/2 O^2- C3117000CH₃ + H₂O
Reduced palladium showed high activity for the reaction while palladium chloride exhibited no activity. Chloride anion on the catalyst suppressed the reaction remarkably and it was necessary to treat with hydrogen at about 500° C for removing it completely from the catalyst. A catalyst containing either proton or solid acid gave acetaldehyde diinetyl acetal as the main product. The activity of a catalyst increased by aerating it at 200-250° C for 2-3 hours after reducing with hydrogen.
The characteristics of adsorbed oxygen on palladium were studied by a pulse reaction technique. It was showed that adsorbed oxygen was thermally stable and very high in reactivities on hydrogen and alcohol and concluded that oxygen acts as a scavenger of adsorbed hydrogen, which is formed by being abstracted by palladium from alcohol and aldehyde.

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The galvanic cell type electrophotography employs sensors composed of ZnO-resin layer in contact with Al plate. The photosensitivity depends on both photoconductivity and duration of its memory in the layer. The effects of the two parameters on the sensitivity of the sensors containing tetrachlorophthalic anhydride and other chemical sensitizers were investigated. When the exposed sensor is developed after a short interval, the photoconductivity is a main factor of the sensitivity. The duration of photoconductive memory, however, gives an important influence on the sensitivity when the interval is long and the sensitivity becomes proportional to the product (ior) of photocurrent (io) and half life (1-) of photoconductive memory.

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The conductivity of sintered samples of the Na₂SO₄--CaSO₄ system was studied in a temperature range of about 250-450° C.
The impedance of the samples was measured in the audiofrequency range using gold electrodes, and the resistivity of the samples was evaluated by the method of complex impedance plot.
At all temperatures studied the conductivity showed a maximum at about 10 mol % CaSO₄. The conductivity of a sample containing 10 mol % CaSO, was 9.4 x 10-3 ucm^-1 at 300° C and 2.9 X 10-2zycm^-1 at 400° C, with activation energies of 45 and 35 kJ/mol, respectively. Sodium ion transport number of the samples containing 9 and 10 mol % CaSO₄, determined by the method of Tubandt et al., was 1.0 at 400° C.

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Adsorption of SO₂ on activated carbon in the presence of 0, and H₂0 is a process in which SO, is catalytically oxidized to H₂SO₄. In this paper, SO₂ adsorption characteristics of several kinds of carbons were investigated in a packed column, and compared to their electrochemical property measured in the previous paper. Mixed gas of SO₂, O^2-, H₂0, and N2 was passed through a packed column of activated carbon at constant temperature (100° C or 150° C), and the concentration of SO₂ in the gas phase at the column outlet was determined at regular intervals. Break-through curves obtained for various carbons were analyzed on the basis of an adsorption rate equation which took an account of micropores filled with H₂SO₄ formed. Two factors rate constant, k, and saturated amount of adsorption, qo which characterized the adsorption ability of activated carbon, were obtained. It was found that the rate constant k was closely related to the electrochemical activity of carbons reported previously. Consequently, the electrochemical mechanism was confirmed for SO, adsorption on activated carbon. On the other hand, the expected relationship between qo and micropore volume of activated carbon was not recognized, but q0 was rather related to the rate constant k. It is concluded that carbon which is active to cathodic reduction of O^2- exhibits high activity for SO₂ adsorption. The activity of carbon was decreased by treating with air at 400° C, while it was increased markedly by treating with NH₃ at 800° C. Surface complexes of activated carbon are discussed in relation to its catalytic activity.

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A so-called non-charged membrane such as cellulose acetate membrane is, in general, slightly dissociated. Dissociations of such membrane occur on the terminal group and the degree of dissociation varies with pH. In this paper, the effect of membrane dissociation on the Salt rejection in reverse osmosis was studied. The membranes used were cellulose acetate membrane, and 6-nylon membrane which was developed in our laboratory. The membrane dissociation was estimated by membrane potential. Variation of membrane potential with pH of the solution showed that cellulose acetate membrane was slightly acidic and 6-nylon membrane was weakly amphoteric. The concentrations of fixed ions of membranes, which were determined by the equation of membrane potential based on TMS model, were 0.01 mol/l (at pH 5.3) for cellulose acetate membrane and O.055 mol/l (at pH 5.5). for 6-nylon membrane. Variation of the salt rejection with pH revealed that the Donnan exclusion was very effective for the salt rejection if salt concentration of raw solution was lower than that of fixed ion of a membrane. The larger the degree of dissociation, the higher the salt rejection.

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Solubility equilibria in the system sulfonyl diamide-ammonium chloride-ammonia and sulfonyl diamide-ammonium chloride-water were studied to obtain the fundamental data in the separation of sulfonyl diamide from the products formed by the reaction of SO₂, Cl2 and NH₃.
The experimental results are shown in the ternary phase diagrams (Fig.2, 3, 5) and also the mutual solubilities of sulfonyl diamide and ammonium chloride in liq. ammonia or water are represented in Table 2 or 4, respectively.
From these results, it is found that the separation method using liq. ammonia is more advantageous than that using water.

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Sodium thiosulfate solution (O.1 mol/l) was electrolysed with platinum electrode by applying a constant current of 2.5 A/dmZ and at 25-75° C.
In a neutral solution, thiosulfate was converted to sulfate, dithionate, sulfite, tri- and tetrathionates. The latter three intermediates were oxidized further and sulfate and dithionate remained finally in the solution as shown in Fig.2. In an alkaline solution, however, sulfite and trithionate formed as intermediates and were finally oxidized to sulfate and dithionate as shown in Fig.5.
The electrolytic oxidation of sodium sulfite and potassium salts of tri- and tetrathionates was also studied in order to elucidate the mechanism of oxidation of thiosulfate.

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The single crystals of synthetic emerald, bars of about 1.4 cm in length, were prepared by a flux method using seed crystal and V205 as a flux, and its thermal expansion characteristics were measured by means of a tube-type vitreous silica dilatometer. The heating rate of specimen was controlled from 4 to 6° C/min.
The expansion along [1010] direction was nearly parabolic in the temperature range measured, while the expansion along [0001] direction was negative and decreased linearly with temperature. Mean expansion coefficients parallel to the [101.0] direction and [0001] direction were found to be 1.6 x 10-8 ° C- and .3 X 10-6 ° C-, respectively, for the temperature range from 25 to 600° C. Calculated total bond energies for the [1010] and [0001] directions were about 1806 and 1212 kcal/mol, respectively.
The contraction along [0001] direction may be caused by the deformation of tetrahedral Bea, and octahedral A106 and the sitting straght of tetrahedral SiO₄. On the other hand, expansion along [1010] direction seems to result by the expansion of Be-0 and AI-0 bond length.

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Copper (II) complexes of six isomers of., cyclohexan, edicarboxylic acrid (abbreviated asIj2cdc) with the formula of Cue(cdC)2(H₂0), 2, and pyridine adducts of four isomers except those of cis-1, 2-H₂cdc and trans-1, 2-H₂cdc with the formula of Cu, (cdc) 2 (py) have been synthesized. These Com. plexes have smaller magnetic- moments than that of the complex with. one spin. The diffuse reflectance spectra show absorption bands at 14-15 kK (band I) which are sensitive to the rchange in the axially situated ligands such as H₂O and py and at about 26, kK (band II) which are near-ultraviolet bands. The vas coo bands in IR spectra were observed in the region of 1580-1620cm.
All of these properties closely resemble, to those of. Cu (II) n-alkanoate and Cu (II)cx, cv dicarboxylate complexes. It was considered these complexes have dimer structures of the Cu (II) acetate type which links with the ligand bridges in p OlymeriC net. Considering from their IR spectra the conformations of the ligands would not be changed by complexation.

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Spectrophotometric determination of small amounts of yttrium with 2- (2-thiazolylazo) -5- dimethylaminophenol (TAM) in the presence of zephiramine was investigated.
The recommended procedures were as follows; 2.0 ml of water, 7.0 ml of TAM-methanolic solution (2x 10-4 mol//) and 2.0 ml of zephiramine-aqueous solution (1 X 10-2 mol/l) were added to a solution containing less than 35 pg of yttrium and its pH was adjusted to 8.0 with O.1 moth/ ammonium chloride-0.1 moll/ ammonium hydroxide solution. The solution was transferred to a 25 ml volumetric flask and diluted to the mark with water. After 20 minutes, the absorbance at 575 nm against a reagent blank was measured.
The color of yttrium-TAM complex is reddish-violet in the presence of zephiramine and is stable for 90 minutes after color development. The yttrium-TAM complex shows an absorption maximum at 575 nm. The absorbance at 575 nm is constant in a pH range from 7.5 to 8.3. The molar extinction coefficient at this wavelength is 7.2 X 1O^2- /imol-m-L. The band obeys Beer's law up to the concentration of 1.4 pg/m/ of yttrium. The molar ratio of yttrium to TAM in the complex is 1: 2. A number of ions interfere with the determination can be masked by the addition of various masking agents and removed in terms of trioctylaminexylene extraction.
Manganese, tantalum, tin (II), citrate and tartrate ions interfere with the determination.

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The electrochemical reduction of pyrazine in N, N'-dimethylformamide (DMF), DMF-water, Britton-Robinson buffer solution and sodium hydroxide aqueous solution at a mercury electrode was investigated by DC and AC polarography, cyclic voltammetry and controlled potential coulometry.
The cumulative data indicate that mechanisms for the electrode reaction in DMF, DMFwater, Britton-Robinson buffer solution and sodium hydoxide aqueous solution are in the following way.
The relationship between the bulk concentration of pyrazine and AC wave height in BrittonRobinson buffer solution takes the form of a Langmuir isotherm, but experimental data do not show the characteristics of adsorption phenomenon. It is concluded that a Langmuir isotherm is resulted from the faradaic admittance of electrode-solution interface.

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Normal pulse prlarogam of Ni (I1) in unbuffered solution (pH 4-8) containing dissolved oxygen shows a two-step reduction wave, whereas the corresponding tast polarogram exhibits a single wave. By removing oxygen in the solution, the first wave increases in height and the second disappears completely. There appears a periodical alternation of high and low currents every second drop with successive potential pulses in a descending region of the second peak. It is concluded that Ni (II) is electroreduced at the potential where the first wave is observed, and the second is due to the reduction of Ni (OH), formed by the reaction between Ni (II) and OH- arising from the oxygen reduction.
The system mentioned above is investigated by means of differential pulse polarography, cyclic voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry. In all techniques studied, the depletion effect is observed in a quiet solution because Ni (OH), is not fully regenerated. Stirring of the solution or mechanically timed drops with violent agitation of a capillary can eliminate this depletion effect and the peak height becomes greater than in an unstirred solution.
Cyclic voltammogram exhibits abnormal enhancement of the peak current at faster scan rates and the appearance of a peak on the limiting plateau of the normal pulse polarogram indicates the presence of weak adsorption of Ni (OH), on the electrode surface.

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Aqueous solutions of acrylOnide and N, N'-methylenediacrylAmide were suspended in toluene- chlrobenzenemixture and spherical porous gels ware obtained. By eluting watersoluble maLrials, such as acetone, -ethylene glycol oligomers of various molecular weights and Blue Dextran through column packed with gels, the calibration curves were produced. The increase of he amount of. crosslinking agent in gels shifted calibration curve to the range of lower molecular weights without causing any variation in solpe. But the extreme addition of prosslining_agent in gels 71. ad the slope of calibration curves steeper. A minimum excluded mole-jcurai weight -WAS- Oblairied approximately by the presence of 9 mol percents of crosslinking agent in total monomers of gels. The decrease of the amount of diluent water in gels shifted the"' calibfation curves to the range of lower molecular weights and decreased the excluded molecular weights. The addition of 182 weight percents of diluent to the monomers decreased the excluded molecular weight extremely. The increase of the amount of crosslinking agent in gels and the decrease of the amount of diluent water in gels decreased K values of acetone and PEG 600.

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The solvent effects on the reactions of benzenediazonium fluoroborate with, p-substituted phenols (substituent: CHs, Cl, COCH8, CHO) in various solvents have been studied kinetically.. The solvents used are water, methanol, dimethylsulfoxide and acetonitrile. It has been found that the effect of-the p-substituerit. was smaller in the protic solventi- than that in he dixiar aprotic solvents. These- results can be interpreted in relation to the differences of solvation towards the phenoxide ions.
The coupling reactions with phenol, 2-methyl-, 2 6-dimethyl-, and 2, 6-di-t-butylphenol in the similar solvents were also carried out The order of reactivity in this case was found to be as 'follows: phenol<2-methyl- <2, 6-dimethyl-<2, 6-di-t-butylphenol. The acceleration of the rate by the 0-substithent was considerably greater in protid solvents than that in dipolar aprotic solvents. Thereasons of these results are discussed oil the basisof the steric tiori for the solvation.

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The NMR spectrum of 9- (9-fluorenyl) -9- (2-methyl-9-fluorenyl) fluorene [4 a] in C816 at room temperature showed two methyl singlets having equal intensity at 8 1.78 and 2.36, and the temperature dependent NMR study gave ziG: value for restricted rotation around C (9)- C (9) bonds in [4 a] as 21.1 kcal/mol (71=140° C) Futher, [4 a] could be separated by column chromatography on silica gel into several fractions in which proportions of intensities of the two methyl singlets differed from each other, though the.8 values were always maintained at 1.78 and 2.36 in each fraction.
Consequently, it was found that 14 aD was a mixture of the equal quantity of two stable rotamers (racemates) which was caused by restriction of rotation around the C (9) -C (9) bonds at room temperature. Furthermore, it turned out that C4 aj existed only in the most stable conformation, gauche-gauche form, at room temperature, by investigation of the NMR spectra of 2-methyl substituted 9, 9-di (9-fluorenyl)fluorene derivatives C 4 analogs of [4 a]. The stereoisomerization processes of [4 a] by rotation around the C (9)-C (9) bonds could be readily explained on the basis of the gauche-gauche conformation.

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Isoprene dimers are obtained in good yields when the third component, such as sulfolane or tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, is added to titanium tetrachloride-triethylaluminum catalyst which is used to polymerize isoprene to obtain high polymer. Main products are the cyclic dimer, 2, 4-dimethyl-4-vinyl-1-cyclohexene (bp 60.5° C/25 mmHg) and the linear dimer, 2, 6-dimethyl-1, 3, 6-octatriene (bp 70.5° C/25 mmHg). A small amount of 1-methyl-4-isopropeny1-1-cyclohexene is also produced. It was found that the third component is available merely as ligands to titanium.
Hydrogen transfer in dimerization was studied using deuterated isoprene (CD2C(CH₃) CH= CD2). Dimers of isoprene-d4 are 2, 4-dimethyl-4- (vinyl-0, -d2)-1-cyclohexene-2, 2, 5, 5, 6, 6-d6 and 2, 6-dimethyl-1, 3, 6-octatriene-1, 1, 4, 5, 5, 8, 8, 8-d8.
Possible mechanism was discussed ih relation to the oligomerization of butadiene.

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Formation of thioethers from the reaction of thiols with alkyl chlorides has been studied in ethylenediamine at 15-45° C. The BrOnsted's catalytic constant (a) for the thiol was O. O^2-4. The reactivity of alkyl chlorides was remarkably influenced by their structure; the rate constants decreased in the order: n-C9H7Cl>n-C4H9Cl>n-C8H17Cl>i-C4H9Cl>i-C3H7Cl>s-C4H9Cl. The reactions of thiols of high pKa e. g., 1-octhanethiol and 1-buthanethiol, were accelerated only in primary diamines such as ethylenediamine whereas benzenethiol reacted with butyl chloride in butylamine at 30° C. It was suggested that the thiols of low pKa such as benzene- thiol are dissociated into the thiolate anion in amine and the thiols of high pKa are not: although the S-H bond of the thiols appeared to be elongated by ethylenediamine. The interesting behaviors of the thiols of high pKa in ethylenediamine were explained by the formation of such a proton-transfer type complex as follows:
Therefore, it may be concluded that the reactions between the thiols of low pKa and alkyl chlorides are bimolecular nucleophilic substitutions of ion-dipolar type and those of the thiols of high pKa are substitutions of dipolar-dipolar type.

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Some diphenyl a-morpholinoalkylphosphonates were synthesized, and these esters were allowed to react with various p-substituted benzaldehydes and furfural in the presence of base by means of Wittig-type reaction. Thus, enamines having three large substituents at the olefinic carbon atoms were obtained under relatively mild conditions (see next formula). Further, stereochemical configurations of enamines produced and effects of substituents on the reactivities and on the Z: E ratios of enamines were discussed.
When the substituent is weakly electronegative, carbanion of alkylphosphonate is scarcely produced in the presence of methanolic KOH and the yield of enamine is reduced. Z: E ratio of enamine produced is liable to be influenced by the substituent R2, and it is presumed that most of these enamines are significantly affected by their thermodynamic stabilities. When 10 is NO₂ and R2 is 4-NO^2-C8H4, only Z-isomer is obtained, and an extraordinary ratio is recognized when R2 is 4-CH₃O-C61-14.

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The reaction of carbon disulfide with dibutyltin primary dialkoxides for 72 hr at 65° C affords tetraalkyl orthocarbonates and dibutyltin sulfide, while the reaction with secondary dialkoxides such as di-i-propoxide or di-s-butoxidegives dialkyl carbonate and dithiocarbonate, and the latter substance was formed via six-centered transition state of the adduct of the alkoxide with carbon disulfide, accompanied by alkyl-oxygen bond fission and the elimination of dibutyltin oxide. When primary and secondary dialkoxides were also treated with carbonyl sulfide for 2 hr in refluxing benzene dialkyl carbonates and dibutyltin sulfide were obtained. Furtheremore, direct carbonylation reaction of dibutyltin dimethoxide or ethoxide with carbon dioxide for 27 hr at 100° C gives dialkyl carbonate under CO₂-pressure.
Some comparisons of reactivities of di- with tri-butyltin alkoxide, and of Sn (II)- with Sn(IV)-alkoxide in these reactions were made.

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The effect of metal soap on the development of microporosity in active carbon prepared from PVC mixed with one of the stearate salts of Zn, Cd, Mg, Al, Ca, Ba and Pb has been studied. Each PVC mixture containing O.2 wt % of stearate salt as metal was heated in a stream of air, gradually decomposed into char at the temperature range from 150° C to 360° C, and activated with steam at 850° C for 1-4 hours.
The specific surface areas and the distribution of cumulative pore volume were measured by adsorption of N2 at 77° C and by a mercury porosimeter, respectively.
Characteristic properties of these active carbon were classified into the following three groups. In the first group including active carbon from PVC-Zn, Cd, Al and Mg, the development of micro pores was remarkable at the early stage of activation compared with active carbon from pure PVC. Further activation resulted in the development of transitional and macro pores in addition to micro pores.
Of the second group including active carbon from PVC-Pb and Ba, the development of micro pores was considerable at the initial stage but it stopped thereafter. As to the transitional and macro pores, the development was seen through the activation.
The last one was active carbon from PVC-Ca. In this case, the development of micro pores not significant at the early stage of activation but afterwards it proceeded rapidly. This could be closely related to the diminution of Ca during the activation process.

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1) The physical meaning of k, in Eq. (1) has been discussed for the dyeing system in which the hydrophobic fiber had circular cross section, the disperse dye was dissolved completely in a bath, and the fiber was dyed in the well-stirred finite dye bath.
where A. is the equilibrium exhaustion, At is the exhaustion at time t, and k, is velocity constant.
Constant k, was a function of the diffusion coefficient (D), radius of the fiber (r), partition coefficient (K), and liquor to goods ratio (L). If A.0.8, k, was expressed as follows;
where a is a constant, the heat of dyeing, and E the activation energy of diffusion. The relations described above were confirmed experimentally by dyeing of nylon 6 yarn and acetate rayon. The aqueous solutions of the disperse dyes used in the experiments were prepared by the dialysis using cellulose membrane.
2) The following relation was found to be valid in a certain range of At (summarized in Table 1) for the dyeing system described in 1);
1/(Aco)=(BDIr2)t-FC
where B and C are dimensionless constant depending on A. (shown in Table 1). Therf ore, the exact value of D in a fiber could easily be obtained from the linear plots of t versus 1/(A). The value of D for various dyes in a nylon 6 fiber determined by this method were about ten times smaller than those in a nylon 6 film).
3) It has been founds) that the rates of dyeing of nylon fiber in the suspension of the commercial dyes decrease with increasing concentration of the dyes. However, in the cases of dyeing in aqueous solution of the disperse dyes, there were no concentration dependence on the rates of dyeing.

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A new organic pigment, 5, 8-dibromo-3'-hydroxybenzo[b]quinophthalone, has been developed as a substitute for cadmium yellow (CdS) which is forbidden to use because of its toxic property. This compound is quite similar to CdS in color and has excellet pigment properties, being resistant to light, heat, migration, acid, alkali and organic solvents.
A number of 3'-hydroxyquinophthalone derivatives were synthesized by the reaction of phthalic, 2, 3-naphthalenedicarboxylic and trimellitic acids as well as pyromellitic anhydrides with 3-hydroxY-2-methylquinoline-4-carboxylic acid. The contribution of the chemical structure of these compounds to some pigment properties, such as color, the resistance to heat and solvent was also discussed. The thermal behavior of these compounds was estimated by means of the thermal gravimetric and differential analyses.

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It was confirmed that the heat of combustion of high polymers could be calculated by the following four empirical equations including of the value of oxygen index (O 1).
Hea (calicm3) =1456+84220 LO (molicm3) (1)
Ho (cal/g) =744+92605 LO (mol/g) (2)
01=0.0126 MHEF(kcal/mol).036 (3)
01=0.0129 MHEF(kcal/mol).044 (4)
where, H., and H. represent the heat of combustion per nuit volume and per unit weight, respectively.
LO =molMV, MHEF= Heel[(mp+mn)MV]
where, MV is a molar volume of light fuel or a volume of the molecule in a unit chain of polymers per repetition, respectively, mo and mn are stoichiometrical amounts of oxygen and nitrogen, again respectively, when polymers or light fuels continue their self-flame-combustion in the atomosphere under a certain OI condition, and mp is the number of moles of gaseous products produced in the flame.
The third equation can be applicable to high polymers and light fuels, whereas the other equations are limited to high polymers alone.

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N-Methyl-N-vinylformamide (MVF) was synthesized in excellent yield by condensation of N-methylformamide with acetaldehyde, and its polymerizability was investigated. Copolymerization of MVF (M1) with styrene (M2) was carried out by using azobisisobutyronitrile as an initiator in toluene and copolymerization parameters were determined as follows: ri = O.28, r2=12, Qi =O.15, e1= 1.63.
Poly MVF (PMVF) was hydrolyzed with sulfuric acid to give poly (N-methylvinylamine) sulfate (PMVAmI2SO₄), which was transformed into free PMVAm and methylated with methyl iodide in methanol. As the reaction proceeded, the methylated polymer precipitated as a salt of hydrogen iodide. The polymer was separated and transformed into free PMVAm again, and methylation reactions were repeated to give partially quaternized PMVAm, which was revealed to be a good flocculant for a suspension of kaolin.

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Copolymerization of maleic anhydride with N-acetyl ethyleneimine was carried out at room temperature. The brownish copolymer obtained is soluble in water or dimethylacetamide, slightly soluble in chloroform or acetone, and insoluble in benzene or diethyl ether. The reaction between equimolar mixture of these monomers (Fig.2), gives the copolymer in maximum yield. Aprotic polar sovent such as dimethylacetamide or acetonitrile is favorable for the copolymerization (Table 1). Effect of various basic and acidic additives was studied, and pyridine was found to promote the copolymerization. The copolymer yield increases with increasing amount of pyridine, and when pyridine, 15 mol % on maleic anhydride (Fig.1), is added, the reaction gives the copolymer in the yield by a factor of two. The copolymer is formed, however, with equivalent composition of monomers, irrespective of the reaction condi- tions such as monomer composition and reaction time. On the basis of IR and NMR meaure- ments, it was concluded that both monomers copolymerize with equimolar composition in terms of ring-opening copolymerization, and form the copolymer having a structure of ester and amide linkages.

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The effect of prior addition of polyfunctional acrylates and methacrylates on radiationinduced crosslinking of poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF). has been investigated in connection with the mutual solubility between monomers and PVdF.
PVdF sheets containing 10% monomers were molded by compression at -210° C and irradiated with 2-MeV electron beams in air at room temperature. Comparison of the crosslinking effect of the monomers was made by G (c) and G(c)/G(s) determined by the methcid.:, of Charlesby and Pinner. The above mentioned mutual solubility was estimated by the depression of the crystallizing temperature of PVdF in the presence of monomers.
The crosslinking effect increases in the following order: monounsaturated monomer<linear type diunsaturated monomer<branched type diunsaturated monomer<triunsaturated monomer.
In a series of monomers with same number of unsaturation, the effect was found to be related to the above mentioned mutual solubility. The acrylate exhibits lower effect than that of corresponding methacrylate due to homopolymerization during molding.

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Repeated batch-wise depolynieriiatiOn of polycaproamide' Catalyzed by phosphoric acid under steam blowing was studied.
The rate of repeated batch-wise depolymerization of polycaproamide catalyzed by phosphoric acid is influenced by the intervals at' which. polycapioamide is added. In polycaproamide was added to the former batch befor ca.75% of depolymerization progressed, the depolymerization in the following batch proceeded without decrease in catalytic activity. However, if polycaproamicle, was added to the former batch, after ca.90% of depolymerization proceeded, the rate of depolymerization in the following batch decreased more remarkably than that in the former batch. The decrese i ncatalytic activity might be ascribed to the remarkable distillation of phosphoric acid from the reaction vessel due to blowing steam after ca -90% of: depolynie rization progressed. Furthermore, the experiment -shoN6d that the catalytic effect of ivroliho= sphoric acid on the depolytrier ization of Polycaproainide is inferior' to that of orthophosphoric acid which suggested that the condensation: of phosphoric acid at the final, Stage of depolyineritation might weaken its catalytic: activity.

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The X-ray powder diffraction peaks of the β-form of 2, 9-dimethyl-5, 7, 12, 14-tetrahydroquino[2, 3-b]acridine-7, 14-dione [1] were indexed on the basis of a monoclinic unit cell with dimensions a=17.62, b=3.60, c=12.74 A and β=115.1°, which are very similar to those of the γ-form of 5, 7, 12, 14-tetrahydroquino[2, 3-b]acridine-7, 14-dione 2 The diffraction intensities of the β-form of [1] were also simulated by modifying the atomic parameters of γ-form of [2] slightly.

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The correlations among collapse pressure, equilibrium spreading pressure, and surface pressurearea curve of a mixed monolayer were studied for the case where two film-forming substances are completely immiscible in a monolayer at the air-water interface. It was concluded that collapse pressure of the "mixed" monolayer was equal to that of the "more easily collapsible" component in the case where two components are completely immiscible in bulk phase, and was lower than that of either component in the case where they are miscible in bulk phase.

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Depolymerization of polycaproamide was carried out under steam blowing in the presence catalysts: phosphoric acid, potassium dihydrogenphosphate, boric acid and/or sodium hydroxide. The rate of depolymerization of polycaproamide is affected by the acid strength and judging from the data of the amino-end groups contents in the depolymerized polycaproamide, the hydrolysis of amide bond in polycaproamide does not occur 'a result of blowing steam.

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