The interactions of Methyl Orange, Ethyl Orange and Butyl Orange with a series of alkyltrimethylammonium bromides (ATB) such as decyl-, dodecyl-, tetradecyl-, hexadecy- and octadecyltrimethylammonium bromides in water were examined by means of flocculation-deflocculation procedures. The half flocculation concetration (HFC) and the critical deflocculation concentratidn (CDC) of ATB defined for the dyes (c=4.0 x10^-5 mol/l) were found to be strongly dependent on the alkyl chain length in both the dyes and the ATB. The HFC and the CDC were found to lower with an increase in the alkyl chain length in both the dyes and the ATB. Sodium chloride increased the HFC, and decreased the CDC. Urea increased both the HFC and the CDC. The experimental evidences strongly suggest that the interactions between the dyes and the ATB are attributed to both the electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions.

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An attempt was carried out to provide a new method for evaluating the stability of W/O/Wtype multiple-phase emulsions by using a technique for analyzing the concentration of ions, which migrated from the inner aqueous-phase to the aqueous suspending medium due to the rupture of oil phase layer on the surface of the inner aqueous-phase globules. The following is the procedure tested; a newly prepared sample cantaining a small amount of sodium chloride in the inner aqueous-phase is dialyzed against a definite volume of distilled water, in which a pair of ion-electrodes is immersed to detect continuously the amount of either the sodium ions or chloride ions which migrated from the inner aqueous-phase through the aqueous suspending medium. Percentage of the alived inner aqueous globules in the sample at optional time was calculated by the relations;
where A and B are the ion concentrations in the distilled water and in the inner aqueous-phase, respectively, x (ml) is the volume of leaked inner aqueous-phase and v₁, v₀ and v_d are the volumes of the inner aqueous-phase, outer aqueous-phase and distilled water of the dialyzing system, respectively.
It has been confirmed that the method proposed here is useful for examining the stability of W/O/W-type multiple-phase emulsions under the various conditions.

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The thermal decomposition of a series of sodium hydrogen dicarboxylates, HOOC(CH₂), , COONa (n=0-8), was studied in the range of 100°C to 250°C by means of TGA and DTA. Upon heating, higher dicarboxylic acid salts (n=3, -8) changed endothermically to intermediate solid compounds, which finally decomposed to corresponding dicarboxylic acids and sodium dicarboxylates. The transition to the intermediate was revrsible for the acid salts with even carbon number and irreversible for the odd-numbered acid salts. On the other. hand, lower acid salts (n=0-2) decomposed directly to sodium dicarboxylates and dicarboxylic acids (or their decomposition products) through a broad endothermic process. In this case, it is likely that the process to the intermediate overlaps the decomposition process, since the former process takes place at relatively high temperatures. It is concluded, therefore, that an ion exchange reaction between sodium ions and hydrogen ions occurs disproportionately through the intermediate process. The temperatures of transition to the intermediates varied alternately with the increase in the carbon number of the acid salts in a manner similar to that of the melting points of, the dicarboxylic acids. The reaction mechanism was discussed from the viewpoint of the crystal structure of the acid salts.

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Oxidative dehydrogenation of methanol into formaldehyde was studied over various binary mixtures of metal oxides. Among them SnO^2-MoO^2- catalyst was the most active and selective. These oxide catalysts were classified into MoO^2-containing one and the others on the basis of the conversion-selectivity relationship and CO/CO₂ production ratio. The reaction on MoO₃containing catalysts probably proceeded in consecutive reactions like CH₃OH-ICHOCO.
The activity and selectivity over SnO^2-MoO^2- was little changed in the range of Sn/Mo ratio from 1/9 to 7/3. The fact that HCHO was formed on MoO₃ suggests that the activity of SnO^2- MoO, is essentially attributed to MoO^2-. ESR measurements of SnO^2-MoO^2- revealed that the concentration of Mo5+ ion is correlated with the catalyst activity.

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The catalytic property and the acidity of crystalline zirconium phosphate have been studied in order to clarify the origin of the acidity of metal phosphate catalysts. Crystalline zirconium phosphate (c-ZrPhos) is a good model catalyst of metal phosphates because its crystal structure is well known and, therefore, it was possible to make more detailed discussion.
Infrared diffuse reflectance spectra, X-ray diffraction patterns, and TG-DSC curves of c-ZrPhos calcined at various temperatures have been measured to characterise the structural changes caused by the calcination. The acidity-strength distribution curves of c-ZrPhos were very sharp as shown in Fig.6; there were distinctly two kinds of acid sites. The number of acid sites of c-ZrPhos calcined at low temperature (6.4 mmol/g) was nearly equal to the number of POH groups (6.64 mmol/g). The amounts of both acid sites varied with calcination temperature, reflecting the changes in the residual crystal water and hydroxyl group as shown in Fig.11 and 12. IR spectra of adsorbed pyridine and the composition of butene isomers formed in the dehydration of 1-butanol suggest that c-ZrPhos has Briinsted acid sites. It was concluded from these results that the weak acid site is POH group with strong interaction with crystal water and the strong acid site is free POH. This conclu- sion and the published data about amorphous phosphate suggest that the acid sites of on amorphous phosphate arise from metal cation.

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Hydrolysis of ethyl acetate catalyzed by macroreticular type ion exchange resins partially deactivated by sodium or ammonium ions was studied and the catalytic activities of these resins were compared with those of gel type ion exchange resins partially deactivated by sodium ion. Under the condition that the diffusion processes in the resin phase can be neglected, the specific activities of resin catalysts were reduced with increasing the replacement of hydrogen ion.
It was found that the log-log plots of the specific activities of resins reduced by the acid contents per unit volume of the swollen resins versus the acid contents gave a straight line. with the slope of 1.20 regardless of replacing ions. The value of 1.20 is slightly smaller than that of 1.25 obtained for gel type resins for the same reaction in the previous paper". It is a possible explanation for the difference in the slopes is that the swollen polymer molecule closely confined in the less flexible nongel network of the macroreticular type resin hinders reactants from arriving in the vicinity of active sites in the gel portion.

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Kinetic studies on the oxide whisker growth and the oxide film formation on the surface of copper metal powder (1.7 xt average diameter) by oxidation at 250-650°C were carried out by means of a microtopological and thermogravimetric analyses, and were compared with the case of iron powder described in our previous paper.
Amounts of the oxide whisker grown inncreased exponentially with temperature and attained maximum at 430°C. Above this temperature they decreased abruptly, and could not be detected at 600°C. Size and amounts of whiskers varied in the following ranges, average diameter: 120 nm, average length: /2, surface density: 108-109cm^-2, total volumetric amounts: 10-6-10-7 cm3/cm². The elongation rate of the whisker obeyed a logarithmic rate law after passing the incubation period of 1.3 min, and the growth stopped after 1.52 hr.
The amount of 0, absorbed by the powder (4w) increased gently with a monotonous elapse over more than 1.5-2 hours obeying a logarithmic law (Elovich equation), d(ziw)/dt=k exp {(4w)}, after a rapid increase within first several minutes. The activation energy of the initial absorbing rate, k, increased from 10.7 kcal/mol to 20.6kcal/mol with increasing temperature upto 4 30°C. This acceleration l of the oxide film formation rate at the higher temperature region corresponds to the deceleration of the copper ion supplied to the nucleation sites of the whisker growth.
The similar behavior of copper in the whisker growth and the oxide film formation to iron suggests the root growth mechanism of the oxide whisker of copper as well as iron, in which the exposed parts of dislocations in metal are considered as nucleation sites, as described in our previous paper.

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The anodic dissolution of n-GaP electrode under irradiation was investigated in comparison with that of p-GaP in the dark. The rate of dissolution reaction of n-GaP was found to depend not only on the intensity of light which corresponded to the amount of positive holes supplied to the electrode surface, but also on the rate of diffusion of proton or hydroxide ions onto the electrode. By colorimetric determination, it was observed that six holes were consumed one molecule of GaP dissolved in both acidic and alkaline solutions. From these results and the analysis on phosphor compounds in the solution, it was concluded that the anodic dissolution was due to an electrochemical reaction involving the formation of oxide of electrode components. The overall dissolution reaction in alkaline solution was proposed as follows:
pH12: GaP + 6p + 11 OH-=GaO83- PHO82- + 5 H₂O
which was not consistent with the result reported by Memming et al.

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The inhibition effect of 6-substituted 1, 3, 5-triazine-2, 4-dithiol monosodium salts (R-TDT) on the corrosion of copper in the ASTM aqueous solution without stirring at 501°C for 10-20 days has been investigated.The percent inhibition efficiency depended upon the structure of 6-substituted groups (R) in R-TDT and increased in the following order where R' was an alkyl or an, aryl group. The key atoms in the R groups seemed to play an important role for the inhibition of the copper corrosion. The R' groups with a large coverage area and with little steric hindrance gave a high inhibition efficiency. The concentration of RTDT, being effective for the inhibition of copper corrosion, was dependent upon R: x 10-6 mol/l for R'NH-TDT and 8 x10-6-10-4 mol// for (R'), N-TDT. Thee were good inhibitors in the pH range of 5.5-12. The inhibition efficiency of R-TDT decreased in the presence of salts such as NaCI, KCl, Na₂S₂O^2-, Fe2(SO₄)3, and (NaPO^2-)6, but the corrosive action of the salts could be inhibited upon increasing concentration of R-TDT.
R-TDT was found by polarization mesurements to act as an anodic inhibitor.
R-TDT such as C6H₅NH-TDT reacted easily with copper powder, Cu20, or CuO in water at 50°C for 72 hr. On the basis of the elemental analysis and infrared spectra of the obtained products, the chemical structure of the surface films appeared in this inhibition was discussed and generally indicated by the following structural formula.

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The thermal decomposition of gadolinium (III) oxalate decahydrate, Gd2(C_2CO^2-)30 H₂O, has been studied by thermogravimetry (TG), differential thermal analysis (DTA), evolved gas analysis (EGA), infrared absorption spectrometry and X-ray diffraction analysis. The results indicate that the decomposition proceeds basically by the following steps in atmospheres of air, carbon dioxide and inert gases such as nitrogen, argon and helium (Fig.1, 2):
Evolved gases are water vapor, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Oxygen is consumed by the oxidation of carbon monoxide and deposited carbon in air. Carbon is markedly deposited in inert gases. In carbon dioxide the carbonate oxide is extremely stable, so that it decomposes at higher temperatures than in other gases.
The intermediates, Gd2(CO₃)3 and Gd2O₂.CO₂, reported by others are not detected.
From above results, the decomposition process of the oxalate is discussed, and a mechanism is proposed for the deposition of carbon.

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The thermal decomposition of gadolinium(M) carbonate trihydrate, Gd2(CO₃)3.3 H₂O, has been studied by thermogravimetry (TG), differential thermal analysis (DTA), evolved gas analysis (EGA), infrared absorption spectrometry and X-ray diffraction analysis. The results indicate that the decomposition proceeds basically by the following steps in atmospheres of air, carbon dioxide and inert gases such as nitrogen, argon and helium:
The intermediates, Gd2O^2-2.5 CO₂ and Gd2O^2-. CO, are particularly stable in carbon dioxide.
Evolved gases are water vapor and carbon dioxide, and all detectable reactions are endothermic. The outgassing process of carbon dioxide is complicated, suggesting the existence of some metastable steps. The carbonate oxide obtained under various conditions are not always iden- tical with respect to the crystal structure and the decomposition behavior. Further, the decomposition temperature of Gd2(CO₃)3 is lower than that of Gd2(C₂O₂)3, so that the formation of Gd2 (CO₃)3 is not confirmed in the decomposition of the oxalate.

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The effects of preparation histries on the air oxidation and sulfation of cadmium sulfide precipitation were investigated by means of TG-method. The cadmium sulfides were precipitated from the aqueous solutions of various kinds of soluble cadmium salts such as CdCl2, CdSO₄ or Cd(NO), by Na₂S, H2S or Na₂S₂O^2- under the fixed conditions respectively. The identification of produpts was carried out by X-ray diffraction.8-Cadmium sulfide was sulfurized to cadmium sulfate, but β-cadmium sulfide was oxidized to cadmium oxide by heating in air. i9-Cadmium sulfide containing a small amount of chloride was oxidized to cadmium oxide by heating in air.

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Direct determination of ppb level of various metal ions in aqueous solutions by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) utilizing selective concentration onto tungsten wire is described. Various factors such as soaking time and surface area of tungsten wire, stirring of the solution and pH of solution were found to have significant effect on atomic absorption signals.
The optimum concentration range by this method is as follows silver and cadmium: 0 to 0.5 ppb, zinc and manganese 0 to 2.5 ppb, cobalt, copper, iron, magnesium, potassium and sodium: 0 to 5 ppb, chromium, nickel and lead: 0 to 10 ppb respectively.
The sensitivity expressed in terms of 1% absorption was 0.003 ppb for cadmium and 0.008 ppb for silver and that of most of heavy metal ions was at the order of 10-s to 10-2 ppb, These values have 20 to 50 times sensitive compared to the conventional aliquot-sampling graphite furnace AAS (Table 4). The relative standard deviation for this method was in the range of 0.5 to 2%.
Although the sensitivity in this method decreased by interferences of a large amount of coexisting salts to some extent, this method still holds higher sensitivity than the conventional one. This method may be applicable for the determination of a trace amount of heavy metal ions under the existence of a large amount of alkali salts.

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Chloranilic acid shows one step oxidation wave having the characteristics of adsorption in acidic solution (pH1.4). Three steps of the anodic wave are found for solutions of pH between 1.4 to 3.6; the adsorption wave being splitted into two waves of equal height (wave (I) and (II)) and the third diffusion-controlled wave at more positive potential (wave (III)). In the solutions of pH above 3.6, one adsorption wave is observed, which is considered to correspond to wave (I) in pH 1.4 to 3.6. Both of the wave (I) and (III) are masked by the anodic dissolution wave of mercury which is shifted to more negative potential with increase in pH. From the relations of Eap-pH and Eap-log C (Fig.7 and 8), it has been concluded that the wave (I) in the solution of pH 1.4 to 3.6 has been produced by the adsorption of mercury(I) chloranilate ion onto the electrode surface and the wave TO has been resulted from the oneelctron oxidation of adsorbed ion to water-insoluble mercury (II) chloranilate.
The limiting current is proportional to the corrected pressure of mercury hco and the iertd value remains constant at 0.979 0.008 AC for the wave(I) and 0.738-0.012 AC for the wave. Therefore, by assuming the formation of a monomolecular film of adsorbed molecule, the surface area of the molecule is calculated to be 46.210 for the wave(I) and 55.4A2 for the wave(II) respectively.

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A simple and accurate method for the rapid and precise determination of the small amounts of SO₂ gas with a new type of color-producing tube, which is an improved type of a common gas detector tube and refers to total conversion type of a color-producing (TCC) tube, was tested against the previous results obtained in the determination of NO₂ and CO₂.
The supported color-producing reagent was prepared by spraying uniformly the dilute (0.20 wt%) aqueous solution of rosaniline hydrochloride on 60-80 mesh particles of Merck silica gel60. This reddish pink reagent reacts sensitively with SO₂ gas changing into colorless, and the decoloration proceeds instantaneously to completion (1 mol rosaniline hydrochloride consumed 106 mol SO₂).
The TCC tube, consisting of glass tube, 1-3 mm in diameter and less than 80 mm in length, and being filled with the color-producing reagent, was used for the analysis of SO₂. SO₂ gas diluted with air (100-400 ml) was made to flow through the tube at a flow rate of below 48 m//min. The decoloration layer extended successively from the inlet of the tube in proportion to the amounts of SO₂ supplied, and the degree of decoloration was independent of temperature and SO₂ concentration. Excellent linear relationship between the length of decoloration and the total amount of SO₂ in the sample was found in any case. Thus, the determination of SO₂ (3000-4 ppm) was accurate to within 2% by the suitable use of TCC tube with diameter of 3, 2-1 mm.

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Hydration of thujopsene [1] and R-chamigrene [ 2] with an equimolar amount of mono-, di-, and trichloroacetic acids have been studied.
Hydration of [1] yielded widdrol [ 1a], 2, 3, 4, 4 a, 5, 6, 7, 8-octahydro-2 fi, 4 ace, 8, 8-tetramethyl-2 a- (hydroxymethyl) naphthalene C/ b, 2, 3, 4, 4a, 5, 6, 7, 8-octahydro-2 a, 4 acx, 8, 8-tetramethyl-2 8- (hydroxymethyl) naphthalene 11[ 1c] and dihydro-8-chamigren-3 8-ol Cl [ 1d]. The compound [1 a] was obtained as the sole product when the reaction of [ 1] was conducted with monochloroacetic acid at 25°C.
Hydration of [2] yielded [ 1b], [1 c] and [ 1d]. When the reaction of [ 2] was conducted with monochloroacetic acid at 25-60°C, [ 1d] was obtained selectively (91-95%).
The compound [ 1d] is a new sesquiterpene alcohol.

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Transalkylation between isopropylbenzene and phenol, which is hard to take place by usual transalkylation catalysts such as A1Cl3, BF, or HF, has been successfully carried out in the presence of BF phenol complex-HF system under mild conditions.
Isopropylbenzene gave at 30°C for 120 min isopropylphenols (ortho 46%, para 54%) in 82% selectivity and 72% conversion when molar ratios of phenol/isopropylbenzene, BF, /phenol and BF8/HF were 6, 0.72 and 20, respectively. p-Isopropyltoluene gave the same product in better yield (-100% selectivity at the conversion of 75%) under the same conditions. The active species as catalyst in our experimental conditions considered to be HBF, appearing in equilibrat- ing equations ( 5 ) and ( 6 ). In general (secondaryalkyl)benzenes such as s-butylbenzene gave good results. However, (normalalkyl) benzenes such as toluene, ethylbenzene, and propylbenzene did not show remarkable reactivity for the reaction under the present conditions.

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Nitration of methyl 3-methyl-3-(3, 4, 5-trimethylphenyl)butyrate with excess of potassium nitrate and sulfuric acid in chloroform gave a new Spiro lactone identified as 4, 4, 7, 8, 9-pentamethyl-6, 8, 10-trinitro-1-oxaspiro[4.5]deca-6, 9-dien-2-one, along with expected 4, 4, 6, 7, 8-pentamethyl-5-nitro-3, 4-dihydrocoumarin and 2, 6-dinitro derivative.
A possibility of the addition-elimination sequence in the formation of nitrodihydrocoumarin from 3-aryl-3-methylbutyric acid was discussed.

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2-Guanidino-1-phenyl-1, 4, 5, 6-tetrahydropyrimidin-4-one [2 a] was prepared by the reaction of phenylbiguanide with methyl acrylate. [2 a] was also obtained by the reaction of methyl 3-anilinopropionate with dicyanodiamide. N 1-Phenyl- Ni-2-carboxy ethyDbiguanide [3 a] was obtained by the hydrolysis of [2 a].1-Aryl-2-guanidino-5-methyl-1, 4, 5, 6-tetrahydropyrimidin4-ones [ 9] and 2-amino-4-arylamino-6-isopropeny1-1, 3, 5-triazines [10] were obtained by the reaction of arylbiguanides with methyl methacrylate.

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The sulfonation of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) by sulfur trioxide (SO) or SO^2-base adducts has been studied to give the following results.
( 1 ) CuPc sulfonic acid CuPc(SO^2-1-1) and a white decomposition product were obtained by SO, in an inert solvent or in molten SO.
( 2 ) CuPc (SO^2-1-1), was not obtained when the sulfonation was carried out with SO^2-dioxane, SO^2-N, N-dimethylformamide, or SO^3-triethylamine and in an inert solvent or each molten SO^2-base adduct.
( 3 ) CuPc (SO, H), was not obtained by SO^2-pyridine in an inert solvent, but it was obtained in high yield when the sulfonation was carried out in molten SO^2-pyridine. A conversion of this reaction was 100%, when the mole ratio of SO^2-pyridine to CuPc was 10 and the reaction was carried out at 220°C for 3.5 hr. The sulfur content (11.5%) of this CuPc (SO, H), showed that this was a mixture of CuPc tri- and tetrasulfonic acids.

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The tensile properties and stress relaxation of ultradrawn high density polyethylene were investigated in terms of the deformation process of microfibril. As for microfibril, composed of crystal blocks and amorphous regions, it was discussed whether the molecular chains in crystal blocks were pulled out or not by the tension which was applied to tie chains, connecting crystal blocks. The pulling stress was calculated thermodynamically in relation to melting occurred upon pulling out of chains. The calculated stress was comparable to the observed tensile stress at 20-120°C. The pulling out of chains was conclued to be a cheif process during the stretch of ultradrawn materials.
The stress decreased and reached a constant residual value after a sufficient progress of of relaxation. The comparison of the observed stress with the thermodynamically calculated pulling stress indicated that the folded chains and the extended chains in crystal blocks were pulled out during the process of stress relaxation and finally the stress relaxation was completed when the stress was reduced to a value required for pulling out a folded chain.

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The deformation of ultradrawn polyethylene was previously shown that crystalline chains were pulled out by the tension applied to tie chains which connected crystal blocks. This paper deals with the effects of γ-ray irradiation on crosslinking which prevent crystalline chains being pulled out and to improve the tensile properties.
The tensile strength of high density polyethylene, drawn by a factor of 40, increased from 73 to 113 kg/mm2 at 20°C and from 13 to 42 kg/mm2 at 80°C with increasing irradiation dose from zero to 100 Mrad. The tensile elongation, the residual strain measured by cyclic strain test, and the rate of stress decrease by the stress relaxation measurement diminished with increasing irradiation dose. These facts showed the existence of preventive effects by crosslinks on pulling.
The stress-strain relation of crosslinked polymer was calculated thermodynamically from the melting of crystalline chains companied by the sliding of chains, assuming that the sliding of crystalline chains was brought about by an unbalance of the tension applied to tie chains with which both sides of crystalline chains were connected. The equation of stress was derived; stress increased with increasing strain and was proportional to the Gibbs' free energy of fusion. The observed stress-strain relations obeyed the above mentioned equation.

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The shear viscocities of poly (vinyl acetate) -ethanol mixtures and polystyrene-decalin mixture were measured with a capillary viscometer near the critical point. The shear viscosities of both polymer solutions showed a divergence as a temperature approached to the critical temperature.
Cloud-point curves and the volume ratio of the coexisting phases were observed for the above polymer solutions. The critical concentrations were determined to be the concentration point of equal phase volume ratio (phase-volume ratio method). For the poly (vinyl acetate)-ethanol mixtures, the point, at which the two coexisting phases have equal volume, did not coincide with the peak of the cloud-point curves, but for the polystyrene-decalin mixture, it coincided with this.
For the temperature dependence of the anomalous viscosity near the critical point, Kawasaki had derived the following equation; z/v/v=a ln e b (a=6 v/15 n-2, e.=I T TI/ T). The anomalous viscosities in these polymer solutions were analyzed in terms of Kawasaki's theory, and the values of a were discussed.
In order to separate out anomalous viscosity 477(=-72expt d) near the critical regions, the ideal viscosity, without this, was estimated by the Arrhenius equation. Values of aexpt's of poly (vinyl acetate)-ethanol mixtures and polystyrene-decalin mixture were apyA=0.015 0.001, and aps=-0.068 0.001, respectively.
The absolute values of the experimental values of apyA were considerably smaller than the absolute value of the theoretical value of a, indicated by Kawasaki. This would be due to the polydispersity of the polymer. As pointed out by Koningsveld, the fact that the critical concentration existed on the right-hand branch of the cloud-point curves was due to polydispersity of polymer. The effect of this polydispersity was considered to weaken a divergence of the anomalous viscosity. On the other hand, the value of a ps approximately agreed with the theoretical value of a.

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Thermal dimerization and trimerization reactions of alkaline earth metals with alkali metal salts of methacrylic acid namely, anhydrous salts of methacrylic acid with magnesium (MgMA), calcium (CaMA), strontium (SrMA), barium (BaMA), lithium (LiMA), sodium (NaMA), and potassium(KMA), were studied in a solid state.
Metal salt was heated at 230°C for 3 hours under reduced pressure. The residue was acidified with hydrochloric acid, and extracted with ether. The extracts were converted into methyl esters and fractionally distilled. The fractions were characterized by NMR, IR and gas chromatography.
BaMA gave two dimers: dimethyl ce-methylene-8-methyladipate [4] (20.7% conversion) and dimethyl a-methylene-r, r-dimethylglutarate [1] (11.9% conversion); this gave two trimers: trimethyl 1-nonene-2, 5, 8-tricarboxylate [8] (5.2% conversion) and trimethyl 4-methyl-1-octene-2, 4, 7-tricarboxylate [6] (10.9% conversion).
MgMA, CaMA and SrMA gave 4 as dimers with 15.9, 30.1, 33.7% conversion, respectively and as trimers with 6.0, 23.0, 21.7% conversion, respectively.
In contrast to alkaline earth metal salts, alkali metal salts gave small amounts of dimers with about 2% conversion and large amounts of polymer, while LiMA gave and[4] with 1.0 and 14.4% conversion, respectively.

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The Pad-Cure method was taken into consideration for grafting -p-benzoyloxystyr. ene onto cotton fibers to ach-ive resistance toward ultraviolet ray. By this method- it was possible to obtain grafted cotton fibers with low monomer concentration (1 g monomer/1 g cotton fabric) and calling for such very short grafting time as 20 min; the resulting grafted cotton fibers showed better protection toward ultraviolet ray than those prepared by the method described previously.
A study was also made on the length and distribution of the grafted polymer chains by hydrolysing cellulose part to the grafted materials obtaind. The length of branches was shorter and consequently the number of grafted sites was more than those of the previous ones.

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Water-soluble poly (methacrylohydrazide) (PMH) was prepared by the hydrazinolysis of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with hydrazine hydrate at a high temperature. To observe the flocculating action of these polymers, kaolin suspension was used. The flocculating ability was studied by measuring the concentration of supernatant suspension in terms of jar tests, sedimenidtion rate, and sedimented volume in a test tube.
When PMMA (1 g) was treated with hydrazine hydrate (20 ml) at 150-475°C for 7 hours, water-soluble PMH was obtained. Especially, the PMH, obtained at 175°C, exhibited an excellent flocculating ability toward kaolin suspensions. The viscosity behavior in an aqueous solution of the PMH was similar to that of amphoteric polymers; consequently the great difference in the flocculating ability toward kaolin suspensions was observed in various ranges of pH. The sedimentation rate of kaolin was 5.0, 4.0 or 5.0 cm/min and the sedimented volume was 4.0, 4.8 or 4.3 ml at pH 3, 4.3 or 5.0, respectively, when the amount of polymer was 0.04% on kaolin in suspension. The relation between flocculating action and the expansion of these PMH in an aqueous solution was discussed.

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The preparation of the macroreticular chelating resins containing 'hydrazide groups by the hydrazinolysis of macroreticular methyl methacrylate-divinylbenzene copolymer with h ydrazine hydrate was carried out and adsorption of metal ions on these resins was tested.
It was found that the hydrazinolysis of these copolymers was accompanied by the formation of carboxyl groups in an early stage of the reaction and the carboxyl groups thus formed converted into hydrazide groups during a subsequent reaction at a high temperature. The good chelating resins were prepared by the hydrazinolysis of macroreticular copolymer for 5 9 hours at 175°C. This copolymer was obtained with the following compositions: methyl methacrylate 90-95% (volume), divinylbenzene 5-10% (volume) and isooctane 50% (volume) per the monomer. As the chelating resins had a few carboxyl groups, the adsorption of CA²⁺ occurred at higher pH values than 4. But the chelating resins exhibited selectivity for certain metal ions, which was liable to form ammine complexes, and showed a special high affinity toward Hg²⁺ or Cu²⁺ at lower pH values than 4. The separation of the certain metal ions could easily be carried out by varying the pH; the adsorption of these metal ions was scarcely influenced by other ion, e. g., K+ or Na+.

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Thermal degradation of polystyrene was studied in a flow system of fixed bed reactor in order to elucidate its secondary reactions under atmospheric pressure.
The sample was fed into the reactor after melting; the effects of melting temperature of the samples on thermogravimetric analysis were tested by the use of original samples and the melted ones (280°C, 1 hr), which are illustrated in Fig.3. The activation energies of degradation obtained from the Arrehenius plot of the rate constants are shown below:
290-368°C 370-420°C Original 54.7 kcal/mol 73.7 kcal/mol Melting 30.2 kcal/mol 63.8 kcal/mol
Although the activation energies of the original samples at higher temperatures do not differ from those of the melted ones, the same is not true at lower temperatures.
Degradation conditions are shown 'below: reaction temperature, 350-500°C; residence time, 12.5-45.5 sec; melting temperature, 200°C.
The constituents with high boiling point are diphenylmethane, 1, 2-diphenylethane, 1, 2-diphenyl-1-propene, 1, 3-diphenylpropane, 2, 4-diphenyl-1-butene, and 1, 3-diphenylpropene; among them monoalkylbenzenes, increase with increasing residence time, while the reverse is true for diphenyl compounds.
At 350°C, in addition to the unzipping reaction to yield monomers, it was considered that a-methylstyrene was formed by the allyl-fission from double bond at a chain end, and that trimer and 1, 3-diphenylpropane was produced by back biting of secondary radicals.
The secondary reaction of thermal degradation of polystyrene was considered to be sidereactions of dimer and trimer as primary products, yielding toluene and cx-methylstyrene.

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Discussions were made on the relationship between atmospheric trace elements and their emission sources in terms of size distribution data of aerosols.
Aerosol was collected by an Andersen impactor, and was analyzed for trace elements by neutron activation analysis or atomic absorption spectrometry. Size distributions of aerosol were found to be generally bimodal instead of log-normal, as shown in Figs.1 and 2, on the basis of the continuous size distribution curves obtained by our data processing. Size distribu- tion of the elements was classified into three groups (Fig.3). At a high-way, the peak at about 4 pm was formed by sedimentation of the dust, blown up from the ground surface (Fig.4). To simplify the size distributions of elements, the aerosol samples were divided into two parts, i. e., larger and smaller particles than 2.1 fum in aerodynamic diameter. Upon plotting the ratios of fine to coarse particles of each element in the samples, the soil elements appeared at the left side, and other elements, related to artificial emission sources did at the right side of the abscissa in Fig.6. Enrichment factors of the elements in the aerosol samples against those in the crust, using aluminium concentration as a criterion, are plotted in Fig.7 in the same arrangement as that in Fig.6. They indicated that the elements rich in fine particles might be emitted from other sources than the crust and they are probably associated with artificial sources.
On the basis of the above conclusion, the amount of atmospheric aerosol should be separately measured by dividing it into two groups, separated at a saddle part of the size distribution curve. This method of evaluation would be useful to estimate the emission sources of air pollution.

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For the purpose to obtain catalysts with high activity and durability for the reduction of nitrogen oxide with NH₃, various catalysts containing oxides of Fe, Cr, Cu, Al, Ti, and Mg were prepared from the precipitates formed by the reaction of sulfates with NH₃ aq.
The catalytic activity and the effect of SO r were tested by using a flow reactor (I. D.: 12.0 mm) under atmospheric pressure and at 250-500°C.
The average diameter of the granular catalysts was 1.0 mm. Inlet gas concentration was 500 ppm NO-667 ppm NH₃-0 or 1000 ppm SO^2-5% O^2-10% 1120-N2 balanced and the total gas flow rate was 1000 Ncm'imin (space velocity: 1.1 x 105 hr-) toward O.55 cm (bulk volume) of the catalysts.
On the basis of these results, the catalyst, Fe, (SO₄)3-ce-Fe3O^2-iO₃(Fe2O^2-TiO₃ system), was found to be highly active both in the presence and in the absence of SOS. Furthermore, it was proved that the addition of MoO₃ or WO, to this iron catalyst increases the stability against SO r and selectivity for the reduction of NO.
On the basis of the study of the reduction of NO with NH, or the oxidation of NH₃ with O^2- over the catalysts pretreated with pure H₂ or 1000 ppm NH₃-N2 mixture, it was confirmed that SO₄ in the catalysts promotes the stable and selective reduction of NO. Also, only TiO₂ of anatase type is active and the addition of MoO8 or WO, to this TiO₂ was found to be very effective for the reduction of NO.

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Polydithiocarbamate resin, abbreviated as DTC-resin hereafter, was prepared from polyethyleneimine (10 g), carbon disulfide (34 g), and sodium hydroxide (9 g) (reaction( 1 ) in the text). In order to allow an aqueous solution to pass effectively through the resin, polyethyleneimine (10 g) is necessary to be mixed with powdered silica gel(60 g) and treated with 1, 2-dibromoethane (reaction( 2 ) in the text), prior to the reaction ( 1 ).
DTC-resin readily captures various heavy metal ions forming dithiocarbamate chelates. There are remarkable differences among metal ions in the readiness of chelation. The experiment was carried out for the competitive adsorption of various binary metal ion systems on DTCresin. The results are shown in Table 1. The order of the ability of metal ions to bind with the resin is Mg"Ni"Cd²⁺CZnCPb²⁺, which is consistent with the order of increasing softness of Lewis acids except for that of Cd²⁺ and Zn".
In conclusion, DTC-resin will be utilized for collecting some heavy metal ions from a dilute solution in the presence of a relatively large amount of light metal ions, such as Na+, K+ and mg2+.

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The effects of metal chlorides on the calcination of heavy calcium carbonate and on the reaction of this with SO₂ were investigated from 800°C to 1000°C by using a fixed bed. Both the calcination rate (%) of calcium carbonate in an air and the conversion rate (%) into calcium sulfate in SO₂ gas whose concentration being 15 vol% (on air) increased by the addition of ZnCl, (1%) or FeCl3 (1%). The conversion rate of heavy calcium carbonate was 53.2% at 900°C for 2 min, while by the addition of ZnCl2 or FeCl3 it changed into 80.6% or 79.3%, respectively.

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Irradiation of the solutionof azonaphthalenes in acetyl chloride results in the formation of monochlorinated N, N'-diacetylhydrazonaphthalenes which are the mixtures of two positional isomers with respect to the chlorine substitution. A similar reaction of naphthaleneazobenzenes gives the chlorinated products in which the attack of the naphthalene ring predominates. These facts can be interpreted in terms of the resonance stabilization of nitrenium ions. The α- and β-substituted naphthalene rings show equal reactivity towards the chlorination.

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Hydrative cyclization of dihydromyrcene (2, 6-dimethyl-2, 7-octadiene) [1] by the action of equimolar mono-, di-, or trichloroacetic acid was studied under anhydrous conditions.
Under optimum conditions, 1-(3, 3-dimethylcyclohexyl)ethanol 3 was obtained as a major product accompanying dihydromyrcenol (2, 6-dimethyl-7-octen-2-ol) [2], 2, 6, 6-trimethylcycloheptanol [4] and other alcohols as minor products. The conversion of [1] was 72%, and [3] was found to be 74% of the alcohols by GLC analysis.

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The alkylenation methylenation, ethylenation and trimethylenation of 1, 2, 4-benzenetriol [1] and 5-t-butyl-1, 2, 4-benzenetriol [5] afforded the corresponding alkylenedioxyphenols in good yields with high purity. As a solvent DMSO was preferable to DMF.

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