The rate constants, kd, of thermal isomerization of merocyanine photoisomers are highly dependent on the proton donating property of solvent. Their absorption maxima in visible region, λmax, are also sensitive to the solvent polarity. These characteristics of merocyanine dyes have motivated us to use them as a probe to study microscopic environments in micelles. The dye used in this work is 5-[2-(3-ethyl-2-benzothiazolinylidene)ethylidene]-3-methylrhodanine.
Ratios of the observed rate constants in SDS, CTAB and Triton X-100 micelles to that in pure water are 0.18, 0.06 and 0.03, respectively. These values represent the relative activities of the water penetrated into the micelles since there are no proton donors other than water in these micelles. The order of the activities is in accordance with that of the shift inλmax in the micelles.
Penetration of hydr ogen ions into micellar phase is also observed from the dependence of kd on pH in outer aqueous phase. The penetration efficiency of hydrogen ions are 17, 0.27and 1.1 relative to that of water in SDS, CTAB and Triton X-100, respectively. The large deviations from unity in SDS and CTAB would be attributed to the electrostatic interactions between hydrogen ions and the surface charge on the micelles.

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Dealumination of ZSM--5 type zeolite (Si02/Al203=66--680) framework by steaming was investigated by "Al-MAS NMR and FT-IR. Steaming was carried out using an atmospheric pressure flow system at 773-873 K in a stream of 100% steam. The rate of dealumination showed a second-order dependency on the concentration of framework aluminum as shown in Figs.2 and 4.These results suggest that the dealumination via the hydrolysis of a Si-OAl bond may be catalyzed by acid(H⁾ which freely move in the pore of the zeolite.
Effect of alkali or alkaline earth metal ions(M) on the dealumination of zeolite (SiO₂/Al₂0₃=66) framework was investigated. The analytical data of the ion-exchanged zeolites are summarized in Table 1. Under the steaming conditions at 873 K for 13.5 h, the dealumination quantities of alkali or alkaline earth metal ions exchanged zeolite framework were inversely proportional to the concentration of the exchanged cations, and did not depend upon the kind of the alkali or alkaline earth metal ion (Fig.6). Consequently, the dealumination was controlled by ion exchange of zeolite with allali or alkaline earth metals. These results confirm that H⁺ ions catalyze the dealumination reaction from the zeolite framework and that hydrolysis of the Si-OM-Al bond formed by ion exchange does not occur under the steaming conditions adopted in this experiments.

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atalytic conversion of ethanol into 1, 3-butadiene was carried out over ZnO-supported sepiolite. Sepiolite is a fibrous magnesia-silicate clay mineral having intracrystalline channels in which coordinated water molecules and zeolitic water are contained. Magnesium ion along channel wall is coordinated with two water moleculs and is exchangeable with transition met0 ions s uch as, Zn₂₊, C u₂₊, F e+ and so on While only acidic sites existed on sepiolite, both acidic and basic sites were produced by supporting ZnO on sepiolite (abbrev.: Zn0sepiolite).
Ethanol was converted into 1, 3-butadiene on ZnO-sepiolite, although ethene and diethyl ether were produced from ethanol on sepiolite alone. Acetaldehyae was produced from ethanol at the first step of the reaction. Aldol condensation, dehydration and hydrogen transfer followed acetaldehyde formation and 1, 3-butadiene was formed. Acid-base bifunctional catalyst is necessary for this reaction process (Fig.1, scheme 1). The formation of 1, 3-butadiene over this catalyst was inhibited when the catalyst was poisned by acidic (phenol, CO₂) or basic (NH₃) compounds (Figs.5 and 6).
Selectivity of 1, 3 -butadiene showe d a maximum at Zn²⁺c ontent of 0.7 m molfg which correspond to a half amount of Mg²⁺ along channel wall as shown in Fig.2. These results suggest that Zn²⁺s ites produced by ion exchange with M g²⁺i ons along channel wall of sepiolite contribute to the reaction steps in 1, 3-butadiene formation on basic sites such as acetaldehyde formation, aldol condensationa nd intermolecular h ydrogen-t ransfer as shown in scheme 1 (Fig.7).

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The direct synthesis of ethylene glycol (EG) from carbon monoxide and hydrogen with Rh4(C0)12-N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) catalyst system is described. The reactions w ere carried out at temperatures of 190-270°C and pressures of 400-4800 kgicrii2. 'Oxygenated compounds such as methanol (MeOH), 1, 2-propanediol (PD), glycerol (GL), methyl formate (MF), ethylene glycol monoformate (EGMOF), ethanol (EtOH), and propyl alcohol were formed as the by-product.
The yield of EG and Me0H increased as the reaction pressure increased and showed a maximum at about 1200 kg/cm^' of CO and H². On the contrary, the yield of PD and GL increased with increasing the pressure. Increasing reaction temperature increased the ratio of EGMOF selectivity to EG selectivity and increased also the selectivity to MF and EtOH. Increasing catalyst concentration diminished the selectivity to EG and increased that to Me0H.
The influence of addition of NMP on Rh, (C0)12-toluene and Rh4(CO)¹²-tetraglyme catalyst systems which give MF and Me0F1 as the major product was investigated. The addition of NMP suppressed the formation of Me0H and MF and gave a remarkable effect on the activity and selectivity for EG formation. It was suggested that NMP served to improve the stability of the catalyst and to accelerate the formation of mononuclear Rh species from the catalyst precursor Rh4(C0)12. It was also suggested that NMP contributed advantageously to the formation of a Rh-CH2OH intermediate compared with that of a Rh-OCH³ intermediate and promoted insertion of CO into the Rh-C bond of the Rh-CH2OH intermediate.
A possible reaction path of the products is discussed.

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In the wet milling method, in which lead(II) oxide is effectively produced by the oxidation of granular metallic lead with pressurized oxygen in the presence of the liquid medium in a rotary mill, a very. small amount (maximally about 1 wt%) of lead(IV) oxide was formed as either forms of PbO₂, Pb₂O₃ and P13304a s by-product. The lead oxides containing Pb(IV) ion are known to act sometimes in harmful ways in the production of stab ilizer and pigment. In this study the formation mechanism of lead(IV) oxide and its inhibition conditions were investigated. It was found that lead(U) oxide formed in the wet milling method was hardly oxidized to lead(IV) oxide, while a part of Phan ion formed on the surface of metallic lead by the electrochemical reaction was oxidized to Pb(IV) ion before occurring hydrolysis and then precipitated as lead(IV) oxides (Table 1). When 0.05 moledm-a concentration of ammonium nitrate or ammonium acetate was added to the liquid medium, the formation rate of lead(II) oxide maximally accelerated and the formation of lead(IV) oxides was remarkably inhibited as shown in Tables 5 and 6 from the experimental results, it is concluded that the formation of Pb(W) ion was depressed by the co-existence of nitrite ion formed by the reduction of nitrate ion with metallic lead in the case of nitrate ion addition and also inhibited by the formation of Pb(II)-acetate ion complex in the case of acetate ion addition. It is also found that the tetralead(II) hexahydroxide sulfate prepared using the resulting lead(II) oxide slurry has satisfactorily high Hunter whiteness and insulation resistance (Table 7).

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A method previously reported was examined for a determination of a compositional fluctuation in a ternary solid solution system Pb{(Zr_xTi_1-x)_1-y(Mg_1/3Ta_2/3)_y}O₃. In a powder state, we can prepare a sample having compositional fluctuatipn only by mixing several compositions. Samples having many types of the compositional fluctuation were made. The compositional fluctuations of these samples were estimated with this method. The estimated regions approximately agreed with the true regions.
When the fluctuation region of composition y was large, the center of the fluctuation region estimated was slightly shifted from the true center. This disagreement is due to the assumption that the distribution of lattice spacing is symmetrical (Assumption-A). By this assumption the shift of the center takes place if a relation between lattice spacing and composition is nonlinear. When we assumed that the distribution of composition is symmetrical (Assumption-B), the problem was solved. Since the displacement of the center is slight, if we take into account the center of the composition, we can estimate the correct fluctuation region even by the method with Assumption-A. Because the method with Assumption-A requires less data processing, the method with Assumption-A is more practical than that with Assumption-B.

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Title chelate resin was prepared by the reaction of a d iphenyl phosphonate-formaldehyde resin with tetraethylenepentamine for 4 h at 100-440°C. The adsorption capacity of the chelating resin for Au (III) and Pt(IV) was about 2, 3 mmol/g-R on a dry basis. The rate of adsorption is high and the solution passes effectively through the resin column. The chelating resin showed good adsorption ability for Au(III) and Pt(IV) in the pH 1, 6-6.0 region and the selective separation of Au(III) and Pt(IV) ion from other di- and tri-valett metal ions is possible by HC1 solution. The Pt(IV) and Au(III) ions loaded on a column can be also separated from each other by consecutive elution with 1.0 moll/ NaOH then with 2.5 wt%KCN solution. The recovery of Au(IIJ) and Pt(IV) from a large amount of numerous metal ion samples, seawater, and wastewater was carried out and the rate of preconcentration for both ions was examined.

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Ion flotation of fifteen metal ions (Pb(II), Cd01 Zn(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), Mn(II), Bi(III), Fe(III), In(III), Ga(III), V(V), Mo(VI), Zr(N), Hf(IV)) was investigat ed with klodecyliminobis(methylene)ibis[phosphonic acid] (DIMBP). A 20 cm³ solution containing (4.00-4.25) x 10^-4 mol⋅dm^-3 of metal. and 1.09x10^-3mol⋅dm^-3 of DIMBP(H₄A)was adjusted to the desired pH and subjected to flotation in a cell (20 cm x2.5cm i. d. ) for 10-20 minwith nitrogen bubbles. The effect of pH on the recovery of metal ions was ex amined and recoveries of 97-100% were obtained at the appropriate pH ranges. The compo sitions of the floated complexes were determined to be a metal/reagent ratio of 1:2(M(H₃A)₂)and 1: 2 (M(H₃A)₂) for the divalent metal ions (M(II)) and a ratio of 1: 1 (M(HA)), , 1: 2(M(H₃A)H₃A) and 1: 3 (M(H_aA)₈) for the trivalent metal ions (M(III)) by means of the mole ratio method. The stability constants of the complexes were also determined., This flotation method was successfully applied to the determination of iron, iead, manganese, nickel and zinc in vanadium pentaoxide powder and molybdenum in manganese nodules.

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The reactions of Rf-CC-COOH [1a, b] (Rf; a=HCF₂, b=H(CF₂)₃) with 1, 2-ethanedithiol were investigated under various reaction conditions. The reactions in the absence of base gave the Michael-adduct, 3-(polyfluoroalkyl)-3-(2-mercaptoethylthio)-2-propenoic acid [2](mixture of Z- and E-isomer) as an initial product, which slowly cyclized to 2-(polyfluoroal kyl)-1, 3-dithiolane-2-acetic acid [3]. The conversion of [2] to [3] was promoted with KOH. The cyclization of [2 a] and the E-isomer was preferred to that of [2b] and the Zisomer, respectively. The reactions in the presence of base (KOH) afforded [2], [3], an d the 1: 2-adduct [ 4 ] of ethanedithiol and [1]. The ratio of these products depended up o n the length of Rf group, ammount of base, molar ratio of 1 to ethanedithiol, and con c e ntration of the substrates.

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When phenyl p-nitrobenzoate [1 ], phenyl p-chlorobenzoate [2], and phenyl p-methylbenzoate [ 3] were melted with anhydrous aluminum chloride (AIC13), the following rearrangement products were obtained in high ortho/para ratio. In these reactions, an order of the reaction rate was [ 3 ] > [ 2 ] > [ 1 ] and that of ortho-para ratio was [ 4 ]/[ 5 ]> [ 6 ]/[ 7 ]>[ 8 ]/[ 9 ] respectively.
The ortho -para ratio [4]/[5 ] increased with the reaction time in the Fries rearrangement of[ 1]in boiling cylorobenzene. On the other hand, the minimum ortho/para ratios, [ 6 ]/[7]and [ 8 ]/[ 9 ], were observed in the Fries rearrangement of[ 2]and [3]respectively, after 7.5 h in reaction time.
Although the Friedel-Crafts reaction of toluene with p-nitrobenzoyl chloride, p-chlorobenzoyl chloride, and p-methylbenzoyl chloride proceeded almost quantitatively under the mild reaction conditions the yields of methylbenzophenones were lower in AiC13-catalyzed reactions of [1], [ 2], and [ 3 ]with toluene at reflux temperature. The results mean that the Fries rearrangement of [1], [2]and [3]seems to proceed mainly via intramolecular pathway.
The reverse Fries rearrangement and isomeric conversion of reaction products were not observed in the reactions of [4]and [5] with A1C1₃ in boiling chlorobenzene. Under the same reaction conditions, both [6]and [3] were derived from [7] and [9], respectively. t The Studies on the Fries Rearragement. V.

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The reactions of p-bromothiophenol [1], 1-bromo-2-naphthol [2] and 10-bromo-9-anthrone C3Jwith several carboxylic acid saltsC4Jin the presence of triphenylphosphine as a debrominating reagent were investigated in order to synthesize directly aryl carboxylates debrominated from bromophenol analogs. The reactions of [1] with [4] was examined by two different procedures (one-step and two-step method) at 220°C. The former method gave phenyl thiocarboxylates in better yields (46, -97%) than the latter one. The reactions of C2 D with C4 J by one-step method afforded both 2-naphthyl and 1-bromo-2-naphthyl esters. The yield of the former increased with increasing the reaction temperature, and their yields were 58-90% at 150°C. On the other hand, the reactions of C 3 J with 4j, by one-step method took place readily at room temperature, and gave 9-anthrylesters in 41-90% yields. These results lead to the conclusion that the reaction of bromophenol analogs with [4] in the presence of triphenylphosphine giving aryl carboxylate is a useful method for the direct esterification with debromination.

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The reactions of a-haloisobutyrophenone with ammonium carbamates, formed from carbon dioxide and aliphatic amines in methanol, gave the corresponding cyclic carbamates [1] and[2]. As part of exploitation of the obtained carbamates, pyrolysis of these compounds w as investigated for the purpose of obtaining alkyl isocyanates.
2-oxazolidinones 1D were pyrolyzed to give the corresponding isoc yanates together with some other products: two different acyloins (2-hydroy-2-methylpropiophenone [4], 3-hydroxy3-pheny1-2-butanone [5]), isopropenyl phenyl ketone [6], and urea derivatives [7]. Rearrangement and dehydration of [4 ] afforded [ 5] and [6], respectively. Yields of the isocyanates were 17-76%. Formation of urea derivatives as secondary products is the reason for the low yield of the isocyanates.
Pyrolysis of bis(2-oxazo lidinones) [2] afforded the corresponding diisocyanates [8] in yields lower than [3 ] under the same conditions with those, for [13] . On the other hand, pyrolysis of [2a ] with pyrolysis gaschromatography gave a 54% yield of hexamethylenedii socyanate[8 a]. Since the starting oxazolidinones are prepared from carbon dioxide and aliphatic amines, the present procedure provides a new route to isocyanates and diisocyanates without using phosgene.

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Oxidation of phenylhydrazine with an aqueous solution of sodium periodate in the p r esence of nine kinds of dienes was investigated at 20±1°C. Phenyl-substituted alkenes [7] were: olif, apedin all casese xceptf or b i; Ckclo[2.2.1] h epta-25, - diene( Table1 )., The formation of 3-phenyltricyclo[2.2.1.0 2 ] heptane [8h] was found for the first time in the reaction. of bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2, 5-diene with phenyl radical., 2-(1-Phenylethyl)iricyclo[2.2.1.0 2.9 heptane (8 i-1) and 2-ethyl-5-phenyltricyclo[2.2.1.0 2.9] heptane (8 i -2)were also obtained from 5-ethylidenebicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene (Scheme 4). small amount of phenyl-substituted alcohols (10) were confirmed in some cases. t 'Oxidation Reaction of Pheitylhydrazinew ith Sodium Periodat e.

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The photo-irradiation grafting of methacrylic acid (MAA) onto low-density polyethylene plates has been performed in liquid phase to study the surface wettabilities and grafted polymer conformations on the surfaces. The amount of grafted MAA showed a sigmoidal increase with irradiation time. It was evident from the measurement of contact angle and surface analysis by ESCA that at the grafted amount below O.03 mmolicm2 both the densities of the COOH groups and wettabilities of the grafted surfaces sharply increased with the grafted amount.
The densities of COOH groups decreased from the surface layer toward bulk of the sample, depending on the amount of grafted MAA, but n9t on the monomer concentration. In addition, the surfaces grafted at higher monomer concentrations b ecame more wettable, although the densities of COOH groups at the outer surface layer remained constant regardless of monomer concentration and irradiation time. Depth profiling by Argon sputtering reveal ed that the distribution of PMAA chains at surface layer remained unchanged at the grafted amount above 0.03 mmolfcm2.

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Poly(oxy-1, 4-phenylenecarbonylimino-1, 4-phenyleneiminocarbony1-1, 4-phenylene) (P-1) was prepared by low-temperature solution polycondensation of p-phenylenedamine with bis(4chloroformylphenyl) ether in the presence of lithium carbonate as the acid accepter in Nmethy12-pyrrolidone (NMP).
Tensile properties of P-1 were compared with those of poly(oxy-1, 4-phenyleneiminocarbony11, 4-phenylenecarbonylimino-1, 4-phenylene) (P-2) which is similar to the structure of P-1.
It was difficult to enhance the tensile properties of P-1 films by cold and heat drawing at a constant temperature. Therefore, the films were drawn in a N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF)/water mixture (80: 20, v/v, 60°C) and then were heat-treated (The temperature was raised from room temperature to 250 or 300°Cat the heating rate of 16°Cfmin). The values of birefringence, tensile modulus, strength at break and breaking energy of the drawn-heattreated P-1 films (sample ( 9 ) final temp 250°C) were 265 x 10^-3, 9.30 GPa, 435 MPa and 29.0MPa and those of the drawn-heat-treated P-2 films were 307 x 10^-3, 8.60 GPa, 743 MPa and 44.8 MPa, respectively. The values of birefringence, tensile modulus, strength at break and breaking energy of sample (9) were changed to 248 x 10^-3, 8.40 GPa, 385 MPa and 12.4 MPa after 2 h of heat aging at 350°C in air. These results showed the high-temperature durability of the drawn and heat-treated materials.

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Hydrolysis of N, N', N"-tris(hydroxymethyl)meiarnine (M3F) has been kinetically studied in aqueous dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) media (mole fraction of DMSO 0.1-0.8). Initial rate of the hydrolysis decreased with the DMSO fraction at [FIC1]₀/[M3F]₀=-0, reached minimum at ca.0.5 mole fraction of DMSO at [HU]₀/[M3F]₀=0.5, and increased with the DMSO fraction at [HC1]₀/[M3F]₀=1.5. Activation parameters have been estimated for the reaction. Solvent effect of DMSO on the hydrolysis is discussed in terms of solvation.

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The present study was undertaken to identify the initiator for the plasma-initiated polymerization. Vapor of methyl methacrylate (MMA) was passed through a plasma zone generated by radio-frequency discharge, and the products were trapped at liquid nitrogen temperature in a flow system. The volatile compounds produced in a plasma sustained in MMA vapor can induce rapid polymerization of various vinyl monomers such as MMA, styrene, and acrylonitrile. On the other hand, it was observed that the MMA plasma gave dimethylketene, formaldehyde, carbon dioxide, and ethylene derivatives due to direct electronmolecule reaction occurring in the plasma.2, 2, 4, 4-Tetramethyl-1, 3-cyclobutanedione (TMBO), subsequently formed by the t yclodimerization of dimethylketene, can also polymerize various vinyl monomers. On the basis of the kinetic data on the polymerization of MMA by dimethylketene and TMBO, it is suggested that TMBO acts as an initiator for the plasma-initiated polymerization. t Study on Syn t hesis of Macromolecule by Use of Plasma Technique. n.

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After the activation of polyethylene by ozone-oxidation, methyl methacrylate was graftcopolymerized onto the polyethylene. The active species obtained by the ozone-oxidation were determined by ESR spectroscopy as peroxyl radical. The radical was converted to hydroperoxide, and the hydroperoxide was broken by heating, and gave alkoxyl radical and hydroxyl radical. The alkoxyl radical which operated as active species initiated graft copolymerization.
With respect to the graft copolymerization, at the constant polymerization time, the total conversion and the degree of grafting increased with ozone-oxidation time. On the other hand, the graft efficiency decreased with the time. At the constant ozoneoxidation time, the total conversion and the degree of grafting increased with the polymeri zation time, and the graft efficiency decreased.
Assuming that the molecular weight of the branch of graft copolymer was equal to that of homopolymer, the molecular weight of the branch and the number of branch were estimated to be 10⁶ and 10^-3respectively. The mechanism of ozone-oxidation and that of initiation of graft copolymerization and the ability of graft copolymerization were discussed.

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The rate of hydrolysis of poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) has been found to depend on the, polymerization methods of vinyl acetate. This phenomenon was investigated in detail in connection with structual anomalies in PVAc polymer chain, because the hydrolysis of PVAc has been known to proceed mainly along the chain and to exhibit autocataltic effect. The rate of hydrolysis and the autocatalytic co, n. stant for PVAc prepared by bulk polymerization, emulsion polymerization, suspension polymerization or copolymerization- with a small amount of comonomer were smaller than those obtained by solution polymerization; the latter has been known to from less-branched PVAc than the former polymerization methods.
The rates of hydrolysis were also measured, for PVAc obtained by com plete hydrolysis, followed by reacetylation, of the original PVAc. The hydrolysis behavior of the reacetylated PVAc was the same as that of the original PVAc. Then, the.. branch growing from acetyl group of the original PVAc is regarded not to affect the rate of hydrolysis. On the other hand, it was observed that the amount of short branch determind by ¹³C-NMR was closely related to the hydrolysis reaction rate. The more branch' increases, the more the rate of the hydrolysis decreases.

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The supported urease (corresponding to 44 Su) on jack bean meal or granular active carbon was entrapped between two sheets of the photocrosslinked films of poly(vinyl alcohol) having 2 mol% of stilbazolium group (PVA-SbQ). The visible light irradiation to the half-dryed film of PVA-SbQ and the short time heating operation provided the film prevented thoroughly from the leakage of urease through the permeation of the urea solution keeping a high permeability (Table 1). The effect of support on the enzymic activity and stabrilit'y was -examined in the flow reaction system permeating the dilute urea solution through the urease entrapped films(Table- 2). The urease on jack bean meal showed the initial activity of 75%to the flee urease at pH 7.0, keeping the activity for wide range of pH change. Its halflife period of the activity was ca.4 times longer than that of nonsupported one.

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The synthesis of N-octadecylsquarylium (SQ) dye was studied under high pressure. In a typical run, the mixture of N-octadecylated intermediate (2 mol) and squaric acid (1 mol)were heated at 160°C for 20 h under 400-800 MPa in a sealed Teflon capsule. SQ dye [2] was preparedf rom the intermediate[1] in good yield accordingt o the above treatment, as found in Table2. Similarp roceduref or the intermediates[5]jand[7] involvingq uinolinium constitutiona f fordedS Q d yes [6] and [8] that couldn ot be p repareau nder ordinary pressure. Also SQ dye [4] was efficientlyp roducedf rom the intermediate[3] at 800I V IPa in the presenceo f c hloroacetico r trichloroa cetic acid catalyst( Table 3 ). It was thus f ound that the compressionef fectuatet he formationo f SQ dyes considerably. VIS, I R and ¹1-1-NIVmIRea surementsr e vealedt hat SQ dyes have 1, 3-bondeds quarylium r ring except [8] which has 1, 2-bonded squaryliiiim ring consistent with the result of N-ethyl SQ dye reported by Sprenger et al..

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A method is described for the collection and removal of mercury(II) ion in the wastewater, by using zinc powder as a collector. A 50 mg portion of the zinc powder (ca.80 mesh)was added into the 100 ml sample solutions of pH 2-4 and the mixture was stirred for 1030 min. Then, the solution was filtered through a sintered-glass filter. By this procedure, the mercury(II) ion in the extremely wide concentration range from 0.1 ppb (0.1 ng. m/^-1)to a few thousands ppm (a few mg⋅m/^-1) was quantitatively collected and removed from water. The maximum capacity of the collection and removal was also extremely large, namely, 5 g of Hg(ff) could be collected and removed with the use of 1 g of the zinc po wder. The species of mercury collected were the zinc amalgam (Hg(Zn)) and mercury( I ) chloride (Hg₂Cl₂). The metallic mercury (Hg) could be obtained by dissolving Zn in the Hg(Zn ) with the concentrated hot hydrochloric acid The mercury(I) ion was also quantitatively colle cted and removed from solutions containing large amounts of salts such as zincOn nitrate, calcium (E) chloride, sodium sulfate, sodium acetate, sodium oxalate, or disodium dihydrogen ethylenediaminetetraacetate (Na.₂[H₂edta]). Thus, this method could be applied to collect and remove mercuryan ion fromthe complexed wastewater in the chemical laboratory, chemi cal industries and so forth. We applied this method to collection and removal of the mercury ( II) ion from the laboratory wastewater containing mercury at 42.5 ppm and obtaine d good results.

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Teikyo University; Nagaoka-cho, Utsunomiya-shi 320 Japan An amorphous clay sample having mean particle diameter of about +15 pm was separated from Kanuma pumice layer, a kind of volcanic ash-weathering product, by Noble elutriation apparatus. The changes in the surface properties for this amorphous clay have been studied by adsorption measurements.
The amorpho us clay sample was composed of allophane ((1-2) SiOAl₂0₃. m H₂O) as the main component and had an aggregate structure. It was treated by the Hashimoto-Jackson method using an aqueous O.5 M. - NaOH solution. The changes in the surface characterist ics of chemically treated and recovered cakes were investigated by the adsorption of Methylene Blue, PO₄8- ion and NH4+ ion from the respective aqueous solutions. The following results were obtained:
( 1 ) The separated clay sample was in a laminar struc ture composed mainly of a surface particulate layer and an inner particulate layer. The latter contained a small amount of crystalline rockforming minerals.
(2) The surface particulate layer had a positive charge and the inner particulate layer had a negative charge in solution.
( 3 ) The surface p articulate layer was composed of free aluminum hydroxide-base substance, and the inner one was composed of particles having relatively large pore sizes.
( 4 ) As the f' value increased, Na ⁺ ions were introdued into the surface of chemically treated sample, and the charge changed from positive to negative. The changes in surface charge result in the increases in the amount of adsorption of Methylene Blue and NH ⁴⁺ ion and the decrease of PO4^8- ion.
( 5 ) The liquid phase adsorption method using different charge and ion diameter was effective for the characterization for the amorphous clay samples.

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Ultrafine particles (UFP's) of metals and semiconductiv e materials were prepared by the gas-flow sputtering method. This is a versatile method applicable for metals and other materials with high melting temperature. Production rates of UFP's were of the order of a few μg/min⋅cm². W. With the combination of this method and the particle collection technique called as solution trap method, a colloidal solution was obtained. Very stable colloids made of metals and semiconductive material including Pt, Fe, Ag and Si were obtained in a ethanol solution. Diameter of colloidal particles was changed in the range fro m 6 to 180 nm by changing the pressure of sputtering gas (He+40% H₂).

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The differences in promotional effect of alkali metals on; activated carbon catalyst for hexane dehydrocyclization and 1-butene isomerization were investigated. The dehydrocyclization activity increased as the ionic radius of alkali metal decreased and a large increase in activity was observed in the case of Na. Li and Na showed almost the same magnitude of the promotional effect. It was presumed that when Li or Na hydroxide was 'impregnated, active sites for the dehydrocyclization, probably radical sites, we1e formed by an interaction between the alkali metal and functional groups on the carbon. On the other hand, the addition of hydroxides of K, Rb and Cs primarily resulted in a formation of basic sites, on which 1butene was isomerized to 2-butene with a high cisltrans ratio.

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