Enjohji developmental test in infancy and early childhood appeared in 1960, and was later revised by Department of Pediatrics, Kyushu University in 1977.　The development of motor, social and language can be respectively evaluated.　Being illustrated on figures of development of each area, it is easy for parents to understand.　The test has been popular in the area of public child health, clinical medicine or education throughout Japan for a long time.

Grapheme-color synesthesia is a phenomenon that can only be felt by synesthetes, in which characters act as an inducer and excite the sensation of a specific color, and the high temporal consistency of the combination of characters and colors is the basis of synesthesia. However, recent studies have reported that this temporal consistency may change over time. Therefore, we conducted a longitudinal study of Japanese synesthesia and investigated the long-term consistency of grapheme-color synesthesia （Uno, Asano, & Yokosawa, 2021）. To compare short-term and long-term temporal consistency, we examined temporal consistency over relatively short periods （up to several months） and long periods （5-8 years）. In particular, it was predicted that the correspondence with the synesthetic color of characters with high familiarity may be excited more frequently in daily life, leading to high temporal consistency in both short and long term.

As a result, characters with low short-term temporal consistency had low long-term temporal consistency. What is important is that the temporal consistency of synesthesia depends on the familiarity of the character. The synesthetic correspondence between characters and colors might be not fully integrated in childhood, suggesting that it also has a fluid aspect in adult synesthesia.

It is also consistent with our recent finding that learning new attributes （sounds or meanings） reduces the temporal consistency of characters and colors. In addition, the long-term （5-8 years） temporal consistency of the letter-color association of each character can be predicted from the short-term temporal consistency. The synesthetic color of characters with the low familiarity is likely to change over time, which is considered to reflect the weak integration of such letters with the synesthesia color.

In cognitive neuroscience and psychology research, we sometimes treat gender as the independent variable and examine whether or not there is a gender difference in the measured independent variable.　Interpreting gender differences revealed in research requires an understanding that the differences are not sexually dimorphic, that they are subject to publication bias, that they do not necessarily imply innate causality, and that gender differences in brain and behavior are multidimensional.　This paper will discuss the interpretation of such differences using examples of commonly believed gender differences.　I will then give examples of how gender differences have been used to justify discrimination and socioeconomic inequality.　Finally, the importance of correctly understanding the meaning of gender differences will be discussed.

Awake surgery, or awake craniotomy, is performed for patients with infiltrative brain tumors to preserve cognitive and behavioral functions, including language. It has already been proven effective in both functional preservation and improving the extent of brain tumor resection and has become popular among neurosurgeons worldwide. However, making an effective surgical plan, selecting appropriate tasks, and making correct judgments during awake surgery remains challenging, mainly because neuroanatomy of the cognitive and behavioral functions, i.e., functional networks composed of cortices, deep nuclei and white matter tracts are not well understood. Therefore, establishing a new academic field of neuroscience exploring “the cognitive and behavioral neuroanatomy” is necessary. The new field shall explore and study not only functional anatomy of so called “higher brain functions”, but also the plasticity and requirements for functional recovery. In this new academic activity, cognitive neuroscience/neuropsychology plays a vital role, collaborating with awake surgery. Here, we will share our experience focusing on exploratory studies we conducted in our institute, such as the study on “functional anatomy” of the frontal aslant tract through awake surgery combined with sophisticated image-guidance technology. Also, we will introduce our newly developed imaging technology, the Multimodal Optico-Radiological Image （MORI）, a new tool assisting this new academic field.

The purpose of this study was to clarify the characteristics of changes in postural sway values before and after intervention using a plantar perception task, and to investigate the postural control characteristics of the modulated subjects.　16 elderly people living in the community were discriminated using five sponge mats of different hardness as an intervention task.　Before and after the intervention, the postural sway values were measured using the stabilometer.　A significant decrease in frequency, a qualitative index of postural sway, was observed after the intervention (p<0.05).　The postural control characteristics of the subjects who showed modulation showed significantly higher values of frequency before the intervention (p<0.05).　The posture control characteristics of the subjects who showed a decrease in frequency indicated that the maximum forward position was less at the time before the intervention (p<0.05).　In addition, the mean frequency was significantly higher (p<0.05).　The frequency is characterized by showing a high value when muscle output is antagonistic (muscle activity is high).　From examining the findings, stabilization of standing posture by the plantar perception task probably modulation the strategy of those who hold standing posture with a strategy to increase muscle activity and promote stability.