Despite many function tests applied to the digestive organs, we find practically none for the colon function, particulary for the absorption of the colon. The author therefore proposes an absorption test of the colon.
The studies were performed on 63 patients (52 with colonic diseases and 11 with normal colon) admitted into our department of the Hirosaki University Hospital.

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Preliminary experiments were carried out using tubeless gastric analysis especially with 1 and 2g of the azure A resin compound and methylene blue resin as screening for achlorhydria. The clinical results of these experiments were evaluated and these four tubeless gastric analysis procedures were applied to gastric screening. The results thsu obtained can be summarized as follows:
1. Time-to-time changes in the urinary dye excretion following the administration of 2g of methylene blue resin showed a definitely increasing tendency with time. It is possible to correct a collecting time lag on the basis of that increasing rate.
2. According to the results in 51 out-and in-patients, the methylene blue method can determine the presence or absence of free hydrochloric acid with relative accuracy. Particularly this method is sufficiently sensitive to indicate the presence of free hydrochloric acid. These results revealed that this method could stand comparison with three other tubeless gastric analysis procedures.
3. Clinical results by the methylene blue resin 2G method in which a positive ion exchange resin, Amberlite IRC 50, was used, disclosed that the rate of discrepancy between the valus of 0.3mg/300ml and standard values was apparently smaller than in the case of other values. Accordingly the adoption of Bolt's view is enabled also in the case of that resin.
4. In clinical results by the methylene blue method, the value over 0.5-0.6 mg/300ml signified the presence of free hydrochlonic acid 100 per cent. In gastric screening the degree of acidity showed a remarkable increase when the level of 0.4mg/300ml was accepted as a standard level. These findings, coupled with the above-mentioned clinical results, led the present author to conlude that the value of 0.5mg/300 mg and over in gastric scrcening could be interpreted as the presence of free hydrochloric acid, while the range 0.3-0.5mg/300ml could be regarded as a doubtful level.
5. An agreement between the Up level and the results of tubeless gastric analysis with 1g of the azure A resin compound was profound particularly in cases of gastric cancer and the resected stomach. No particular tendency was visible in other diseases.
6. The accuracy of tubeless gastric analysis in gastric screening was considerably low when an interpretation of achlorhydria was made. It is not appropriate to use this technique as a screening test for achlorhydria. However, since the rate of agreement in the detection of free hydrochloric acid by this procedure was high, the tubeless gastric analysis was considered to be valid.
7. The tubeless gastric analysis of 2915 subjects in gastric screening disclosed that among 1233 achlorhydric subjects were 20 cases (1.6%) of gastric cancer, only 1.6% of which had a resection of gastric cancer, whereas 1682 chlohydric subjects comprise only one case (0.06%) of gastric cancer. This recognizes the valus of the tubeless gastric test as a reliable guide in the interpretation of fluororoentgenograms.

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For the purpose of studying the morphology of the liver in various liver diseases the authors investigated a method of measurement of liver surface by means of peritoneoscope. There are two ways; the one is an application of a peritoneoscope with gradation attached to ocular lens and the other is an application of a probe with gradation percutaneously inserted into the abdominal cavity on peritoneoscopy. Since the peritoneoscope with gradation has a ten-times of magnification, more detailed and accurate observation of intraabdominal organs are available as compared with conventional peritoneoscope. However, its disadvantages are rather complex manipulation and load. to patient. On the other hand, the measurement by the probe with gradation on penitoneoscopy is not too accurate, while its advantages are simple manipulation and less load to patient. By using these two approaches the correlations between the superficial findings and histology of the liver are able to obtain.

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10 acute viral hepatitis, 38 chronic viral hepatitis, 7 relapsing chronic viral hepatitis and 18 cirrhosis cases were studied on liver function tests and electrolytes (Na and K) in peripheral venous blood. Every subject underwent peritoneoscopy and simultaneous needle liver biopsy for macroscopic and microscopic studies of the liver. And the following results were obtained.
1. It was noted that as chronicity became progressive an average serum sodium level in peripheral venous blood in the patients with liver diseases decreased in the order of acute viral hepatitis, chronic viral hepatitis, relapsing chronic viral hepatitis and cirrhosis. The same tendency was observed in the peritoneoscopic and biopsy tissue findings. Especially in the cirrhosis cases with ascites or edema hyponatremia was marked.
2. It was noted that an average serum potassium level in peripheral venous blood in the patients with liver diseases rather slightly increased in comparison with normal control group. However, there were little difference in serum potassium level among patients with acute viral hepatitis, chronic viral hepatitis, relapsing chronic viral hepatitis and cirrhosis. On the other hand, histrogical study disclosed that as chronicity became progressive serum potassium level tended to decrease.
3. Among 73 cases with liver diseases, there were about twice as many cases with subnormal serum sodium as those cases with abnormal serum potassium levels. In this respect, it was considered that in liver diseases metabolic abnormality in electrolytes was more frequently present on sodium than potassium.
4. There was no good correlation between the results of liver function tests and serum sodium and potassium levels.

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30 cases with liver diseases underwent hepatic catheterization. Serum sodium, potassium and water content were determined with passing of the time on blood samples from peripheral veins, arteries and hepatic veins, and then from arteries and hepatic veins after the administration of hypertonic (10%) saline. Water content of the liver tissue obtained from 42 cases with various liver diseases was determind and relations with morphological or histological findings were studied.
1. Serum sodium in hepatic venous blood before the administration of hypertonic saline was somewhat low as compared with that of peripheral venous and arterial blood. In this respect, an intake of sodium into the liver was suspected. The same tendency was also noted regarding to serum potassium.
2. As far as water content of blood before the hypertonic saline infusion, there noted little difference among recovered patients group from acute viral hepatitis, chronic viral hepatitis and cirrhosis groups. Inspite of this fact, 19 (73.1%) out of 26 cases demonstrated an output of water from the liver. It was interest to note the output of water in comparison with the intake of sodium into the liver.
3. Following the administration of hypertonic saline, hepatic intake of sodium was evident in the group of patient recovered from acute viral hepatitis, being little in the chronic viral hepatitis group, and the cirrhosis group, in contrast, showed hepatic output of sodium. This has seemed that there was a decrease in electrolytes regulation of the liver following the sodium loading.
4. Intake and output of water content of the blood was in reverse relation with those of serum sodium. Namely, while after the sodium loading the groups of patient recovered from acute viral hepatitis and of chronic viral hepatitis presented hepatic output of water, being the cirrhosis group hepatic intake.
5. Water content of the liver tissue decreased in the order of cirrhosis, acute viral hepatitis and chronic viral hepatitis. However, maximum water content was noted in “bunte Höckerleber” peritoneoscopically and in postnecrotic cirrhosis. There was a good correlation between water content of liver tissue and the degree of cell-infiltration in the portal region.

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Water and electrolytes metabolism was studied on the various phases of experimentally impaired rat livers ranging from acute toxic hepatitis to cirrhosis by means of carbon tetrachloride or allyl formate. In addition, morphological histological studies of these liver tissues were made and the following results were obtained.
1. Following the administration of carbon tetrachloride or allyl formate an increase in weight and volume of the impaired liver was noted.
2. This increase in weight of the impaired liver was due to intrahepatic water retention and subsequent sodium intake of the impaired liver tissue. This increase in water content of the liver was considered to be resulted in carbon tetrachloride group mainly from intracellular edema and, on the other hand, in allyl formate group mainly resulted from extracellular fluid accumulation.
3. There was a positive correlation between water content of the liver tissue and the severity of histological changes such as hydropic degeneration and necrosis. Proliferation of connective tissue also appeared to influence upon water retention in the live: to some extent.

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