In Vietnam, a liberalization policy called Doi Moi has been applied to the agricultural domain since 1988. According to the 1994 agricultural census (the only such census conducted in Vietnam to date), medium-sized farmers (1-3 ha of land) comprised 32.5% of the total number of farmers, indicating their high distribution rate. The point of argument at hand is how the farmers' composition according to the land scale has changed in the Mekong Delta under Doi Moi. Existing statistical data are un-illuminating on our topic; therefore, we selected the field survey as an effective research method. This paper thus proposes a case study. We collected data on about 1100 households through a survey in Can Tho and Long An provinces. In order to analyze the collected data, we adopted the methodology of agricultural structure analysis used in Japan during the post-WWII period.
The conclusions of this paper based on observations in the relevant sites can be summarized as follows: First, the number of medium-sizedfarmers and the total land area attributed to this class have increased even under the Doi Moi policy. Second, we have observed a tendency toward polarization among farmers, leading to an increasing number of landless people. Third, the medium-sized farmers have realized high productivity in paddy cropping superior to that of the other classes, and have successfully introduced diversified farming. Fourth, a strong foundation of the high productivity and successful diversified farming of medium-sized farmers can be found in the positive activities of organizations like the Vietnam Fatherland Front. Fifth, the large-sized farmers have been faced with the problem of the low profitability of paddy cropping due to the dispersion of their paddy fields. Sixth, in the suburbs, while the small-sized paddy cropping farmers have survived despite low profitability, the profitability of the large-sized farmers has suffered more than in the purely rural areas.

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In recent years Japanese Agricultural Cooperatives have increased the staff in the insurance-selling division. The employees are called 'LA', and the number of them reached over 18,000 at the end of the fiscal year 2002. The author analyzes the data on the amount of long-term insurance policies sold by LAs for the years 1994, 1997, and 2000, and finds that LAs whose policy amount is more than about 8 hundred million yen follow a power-law distribution with an exponent of -3, while the rest follow a log-normal distribution.
The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effect of incentives and operating rules on each group by applying the Incentive Intensity Principle generated from a principal-agent model. The analysis is based on data from Japanese Agricultural Cooperatives and their LA survey. The results show that manyparts of the contract menus by which the Japanese Agricultural Cooperatives create incentives and operating rules are consistent with the Principle. Some rules, especially the absence of limitation on LA's door-to-door selling areas, are different between two groups. The higher policy amount group has the rule of no limitation of selling areas, which increases the ability to respond to incentives. Japanese Agricultural Cooperatives increase the intensity of intensives with the LA's ability to respond to intensives in the higher policy amount group. It is consistent with the Principle. Moreover some LAs among the higher policy amount group realize their huge policy amount followed by a power-law distribution, under the conditions of this rule for more ability to respond to incentives.

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In the travel cost method, the substitute price problem has been discussed for a long time. How-ever a consistent solution hasn't been represented yet. If the substitute price is omitted or measured in error, the estimators are inconsistent, and then the estimator of benefit is also inconsistent. But in most applications of the travel cost method, the substitute price is omitted, and even if the substitute price is included, it is likely to be measured in error because of data availability; as a result, theestimators would be inconsistent.
In this paper, in order to mitigate the omitted variable and measurement error problem, I include the substitute price in estimation and apply the Poisson 2SQML model using multiple indicators of the substitute price.
It is found that the estimators derived by a conventional model differ from those derived by the new method represented in this paper.

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We investigated the relationship between the self-sufficiency ratio of cereals and its three determinants: land resource endowment, income level and support for agriculture. The relationship also provides an explanation of the trade pattern of cereals. Cross-country analysis was carried out for 157 countries in the period 1994-1998. We also used data from 27 countries in the period 1982-1987 for the analysis of % PSE.
Non-parametric regression and quadratic regression analysis revealed the non-linearity of the relationship among variables and an interaction of GDP (per capita) and arable land area (per capita). (1) When GDP increases, cross-country difference in the self-sufficiency ratio increases. The difference depends on arable land area. When GDP increases, the self-sufficiency ratio increases in land-abundant countries, while the ratio decreases in land-scarce countries. (2) In land-scarce countries, the slope of self-sufficiency ratio to GDP changes from down-ward to upward when GDP exceeds a certain level. The more scarce arable land, the higher the level of GDP where the slope of self-sufficiency ratio turns positive.
The pattern of (1) suggests that relatively abundant factor among labor, land and capital tends to be used more intensive for cereal production. When per capita GDP increases, the cross-country difference in yield decreases, while the cross-country difference in land-labor ratio remains. Both cross-country differences depend on arable land area per capita.
Probably government support for agriculture causes (2) . In fact % PSE is higher in the countries with more scarce arable land, lower self-sufficiency ratio, and higher GDP per capita. But more direct evidence was not found.
The Analysis of the ratio of harvested area of cereals to arable land also supports our interpretation of (1) and (2).

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This paper investigates effects of land tenure systems on regional overgrazing, using the case of Mongolia and Inner Mongolia of China. Grassland in Mongolia is an open-access resource, while it is virtually allocated to an individual household in Inner Mongolia. Household surveys conducted in Tov Aimag and Khenti Aimag of Mongolia and in Siziwang Banner and Sunitezou Banner of Inner Mongolia have revealed that pastoral income per household is lower in areas near urban markets in Mongolia, while it is higher in Inner Mongolia. In Mongolia, due to high transportation costs, the livestock production is agglomerated in the suburbs of urban areas despite degradation of the grassland. In addition, the urban areas have advantages of access to various social services, making the problem of regional overgrazing persistent. In Inner Mongolia, on the other hand, herders living in the areas near a large city benefit frombetter market access. Thus, regional imbalance is minimal in Inner Mongolia and the livestock production has been shifted to be more intensive in Inner Mongolia, although its overall overgrazing problem is severe.
In Mongolia, investment in construction of a wells, which is essential to efficient use of pastureland, is less active. Instead of constructing their own well, herders in Mongolia tend to move to areas near existing public wells. As this situation continues, pastureland around the existing wells continues to be degraded.
Considering the unbalanced density of grazing and low incentive for investment, the current grassland management system in Mongolia is not sustainable. It calls for adequate government intervention, such as tax on grazing in the degraded areas and subsidies to transportation and public services in rural areas.

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