本研究は，開発途上国において農業関連企業が売上を広域化する際の影響要因について，ESCAP他の調査によるミャンマー国内の企業レベルデータを用いて，製造業企業と比較しながら分析を行ったものである．売上の広域化にあたり，生鮮品を扱う農業分野においては，特に生産・在庫・輸送管理の面で製造業分野よりも困難の度合が高いことから，これに対応するための高度な知識を有する人材の存在が重要と考えられる．分析の結果，売上の広域化に対し，農業分野では製造業分野よりも企業規模の指標としての従業員数が与える影響が小さい一方，高度な知識を有する人材としての大卒以上の従業員の割合が影響を与えること等が示された．

本稿では今後の通商交渉の展開と展望を明らかにすることを目的としている．ドーハ・ラウンド交渉は，途上国への特別かつ異なる待遇を与えることがマンデートであるとの認識の下，交渉が行われてきた．しかし，途上国といっても，経済発展を遂げた新興国を一律に途上国として取り扱うのかという大きな論点が生じている．また，経済連携協定（EPA）/自由貿易協定（FTA），米国の通商政策，食料安全保障のための公的備蓄の取扱などの問題が存在しており，当面，進展が困難である．WTOは，自由貿易の推進という点において，ルールが一本化できることにその存在意義があり，我が国としては政治的な関与も含めて積極的に関与する必要がある．

GATTウルグアイラウンドで成立したWTO協定では，すべての分野に関する一括受諾が要求されたが，農業協定では開発途上国に対して保護・支持の削減を通常の3分の2の水準とする優遇策も用意されていた．しかし，1995～2000年の農産物価格低下のため，従来型の措置は「優遇策」として機能しなかった．このことが，新たな交渉を「ドーハ開発アジェンダ」とする推進力となった．今世紀の世界農産物貿易は，2000年代末の価格急騰後も穀物輸出が高水準で堅調に推移，食肉輸出も拡大する一方，一次産品市場は価格的に乱高下を示している．「開発アジェンダ」の実効性を確保するためには，一次産品輸出国や農産物輸入途上国に配慮した内容的整備が望まれる．

米国第一主義を掲げるトランプ政権は，途上国にとって好都合な貿易・投資の自由化の流れに逆行する政策を打ち出している．本稿のテーマは，米国第一主義にもとづく一連の貿易政策のもとで，貿易と投資の自由化の行方を占うことである．そのため，まず，WTO交渉が難航し遅れが生じた要因について検討する．次に，WTOの交渉難航と逆比例して増加してきたEPA・FTAのような地域協定，なかでもWTOのような多角的貿易交渉の進展に影響が大きいと考えられるメガFTAのうち，TPPおよびRCEPの将来について考察する．TPPについては，今後，米国抜きでも参加国が増加するのか，米国が再び参加する可能性があるのかについて考える．参加を希望する16ヵ国が協議を開始したRCEPについては，既存の2ヵ国間の協定の内容を比較することにより交渉の進展を阻害するであろう要素を明らかにし，交渉合意の可能性について検討する．さらに，EUや日本が検討しているWTO改革が米国のWTO回帰と中国によるWTOの規律遵守を促し得るのかについても検討を加え，最後に，今後の通商協定の行方について，やや途上国よりの立場から見解を述べたい．

日本の農業や食料には後発先進国としての特徴がある．日本の農産物貿易も，海外の食料に大きく依存する点で，EUや新大陸の先進国とは異なっている．やや長期の視点からこれらの特徴を分析することは，モンスーンアジアの発展にとっても有益である．日本の政策には，自由貿易論による農産物輸入の拡大とは異なる視点が反映されている．食料の安全保障と農業の多面的機能への配慮である．食料安全保障については，途上国のフード・セキュリティとの違いに留意する必要がある．多面的機能については，EUやアジアの国々とも共有できる面がある．国際的な所得格差や農業の外部性を考慮するとき，FTAやEPAには懸念される面もある．

The objective of this study is analyze on economic types of business organization of agricultural organized management entities (AOMEs) according to labor indicator by using microdata from 2015 Census of Agriculture and Forestry. The main outcomes are as follows. First, 7 types of business organization of AOMEs are defined. The types are one-man management organization, micro management organization and collective management organization without employees, and micro company, small company, medium company and collective company with employees. Second, there are many collective management organizations in rice AOMEs, followed by micro management organization and micro company, but there are few collective companies, or small and medium companies. Third, there are many micro companies in horticulture and livestock AOMEs, followed by micro management organizations, collective companies, and small and medium companies.

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the actual conditions and problems while paying attention to efforts to secure temporary agricultural labor in Nishiuwa. The main outcomes are as follows. In 1993, when the temporary workforce from neighboring municipalities began to run short, JA Nishiuwa started a project to collect temporary agricultural labor from the nationwide and urban labor market. The amount of temporary agricultural labor is increasing year by year, but on the other hand, it has become difficult for JA to gather a labor force in recent years. From surveys of temporary agricultural labor, the workers could be categorized into agriculture specialized labor and others.

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the economic impact on rice production cost by using large size paddy field plots and land accumulation in Hokkaido. The main outcomes are as follows : First, using large size paddy field plots and land accumulation shortens working hours for rice production. Secondly, they lower rice production cost. In conclusion, under the current policy, using large size paddy field plots and land accumulation is economically effective through expansion of paddy fields.

Since the 1990s, many problems concerning food safety have arisen. More people are interested in locally produced foodstuffs. In this research, we surveyed and analyzed the case of the school lunches in S City of Hyogo Prefecture. It is the outline of the result the questionnaire to the cooking staff in three scales of school lunch kitchens in S City. The cooking staff in the smallest school lunch kitchen accept locally produced agricultural products. But the cooking staff in the largest school lunch kitchen do not have enough time. So they do not want to cook the irregular locally produced agricultural products more than at present.

This paper explores recent corporate behavior in large corporations and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the food manufacturing industry. In large corporations, shareholdings by foreign corporations and dividend payments are increasing, while the labor share is decreasing. On the liability side of the balance sheet, retained earnings have increased. On the asset side, long-term stockholdings, especially overseas mergers and acquisitions (M&As), are increasing, whereas tangible fixed assets have not increased. Although SMEs in the industry are not changing like large corporations, they own substantial intangible fixed assets, in the form of trademarks, compared to other industries.

The Japanese government introduced the Direct Payment Scheme for Hilly and Mountainous Areas (DPS) in 2000, with the aim of preventing further abandonment of farmland by helping farmers in such areas to continue farming, and thereby revitalize rural areas. Using an econometric technique, this paper measures the effectiveness of the DPS. The estimation results show that while the DPS has no causal effect on farmland conservation, it helps to promote collective action for common property resources (CPRs) management. Furthermore, this study elucidates that collective stewardship of CPRs and regional development are better facilitated in the rural areas where the DPS subsidies are allocated more to communities than to individual farms.

The objective of this study is to figure out the situation of farmers' commitment related to environment-friendly agriculture in Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan. The prefectural government implemented the "Kumamoto Green Agriculture" policy to promote general farmers engaging in environment-friendly agriculture. The main outcomes are as follows. First, the policy played an important role in promoting farmers' entry into environment-friendly agriculture. Second, the results implied that it was difficult to involve general farmers in areas of intensive vegetable productions, and livestock farmers.

Since China joined the WTO in 2001, the Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures turned into one of the most important elements affecting the fruit export of China. Meanwhile, according to the New New Trade Theory, the export volume could be influenced by both the trade volume of exporting goods (intensive margin, IM) and the varieties of exporting goods (extensive margin, EM). The main result shows that the number of the SPS has a positive influence in China's fruit trade. And the effect of SPS toward IM is bigger than the EM.

A fit between farm strategy and internal farm environment is required for sustainable farm performance. In the case of diversification strategy, the effect of agricultural diversification on management efficiency can be moderated by managerial capabilities and structural diversification. This paper aims to clarify those moderation effects by using data from a questionnaire survey of 159 farms located in close-to-urban areas in the UK. We use data envelop analysis to calculate a farm's efficiency and use a tobit regression model. As a result, the degree of the structural diversification and the set of marketing and labour-management capabilities positively moderate the effect of agricultural diversification on efficiency.

By contingent valuation survey, we evaluate the feasibility of collecting funds to conserve environmental assets or rural landscape via electricity rate plan. The estimation by a grouped data model with sample selection shows that the factors related to the consumers' decisions about participation and amount are different. In particular, in order to promote participation in donation via an electricity rate plan, we should consider not only consumers' pro-social motive but also the opportunity cost of donation and the characteristics of the payment vehicles themselves.

Demand analysis studies on staple foods in Japan tend to focus on rice. However, the demand for bread has recently been increasing relatively due to the reduction of rice consumption. Therefore, in this study, we analyze the demand trend for bread in Japan. The study categorizes the consumption of bread in Japan as follows : "White bread" for homemade meals, "other bread" and "cooked bread" for convenience foods, and "hamburger bun" for eating-out. We analyze time-trend, the relation of each bread and the effect of demographic factors and regions on the demand for each bread variety. The result implies that there are externalization and diversification of bread consumption.

This study examines how the U. S. and bioethanol production from EU28, China, Canada, Argentina and Brazil, and Japanese bioethanol import from the U. S. will impact the international corn price by utilizing a dynamic partial equilibrium model. The result of this study indicates that Japanese bioethanol import impact is small, but the U. S. and other countries' and regions' bioethanol productions will impact international prices by 29.4% and by 3.6% from 2017 to 2027. This means that global and U. S. bioethanol production plays a crucial role in setting the floor price effect for international corn price.

Based on the technology development policy on aquaculture, this study examines determinants of aquaculture production in China in general and amongst regions in particular. The result shows that the expenditure on technology development policy accounts for the largest share of aquaculture growth in China. This result implies that investments in technology development are effective ways to enhance aquaculture in China. We also empirically proved that the aquaculture area has a substantial contribution to aquaculture production. Furthermore, the contribution rate of the capital was found to be higher in the central and western areas because of western development.

The objective of this study is to examine how "supply and demand" and monetary economy affect international prices of grains and soybeans. The study uses ordinary least-squares. The study theoretically demonstrates that the stock-to-use ratio of grains, the price of crude oil, the number of index traders and the U.S.dollar real effective exchange rate have effects on prices of grains and soybeans. Second, we find that, with each item, their prices are quantitatively connected with other items. Third, the effect of fundamentals on the soybean price is stronger than that of technology. However, border measures and domestic protection around the world affect international prices, too.

The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of price fluctuation and facility investment on income for dairy farms in the northern region of Hokkaido, by means of a case analysis (2001-2016). First, in the dairy farms that have invested in facilities, the income tends to decrease due to deterioration of price conditions. Second, the dairy farms that restrained facility investment tended to obtain stable disposable income.