近代的土地改良制度の嚆矢たる耕地整理法は農地の区画整理を推進するために制定されたが，その殖産政策における位置づけを解明するため，本稿では法律制定に至る過程を分析し以下の点を明らかにした．近代国家の樹立に向けて生産力の増強と貿易収支の改善が急がれるなか，輸出振興による外貨獲得は喫緊の課題であり，農地の区画整理は農業の生産力増強と経済性の改善が同時に実現されるため，米穀の輸出振興を図る手段として推進されていった．日清戦争前後に財政が逼迫するなか，外貨獲得の必要性が高まり米穀の輸出拡大が求められたため，事業実施の隘路となっていた不同意者を強制的に参加させるために耕地整理法が制定された．

Based on taxable income from work plus capital gains on stocks and real estate, a contribution analysis was used to clarify reasons for income inequality between urban and rural areas. A fixed-effects analysis clarified factors behind rising incomes in both areas. For the former, the results indicated that capital gains on stocks and real estate were factors in the long term (2009–2018). Capital gains on stocks was a factor during the administrative changeover (2012–2013). Regarding the latter, while capital gains on stocks proved a factor in both urban and rural areas, effects were more pronounced in urban areas.

Based on interviews with 52 farm households in Miyada Village, Nagano Prefecture, this paper analyzed the changes in the rural labor market of the area from 2009 to 2019. In 2009, most of the young males in the area had gotten stable employment, which made it difficult to conserve the farmland in the area. On the other hand, in 2019, a group of young males with unskilled labor wages were appearing. These changes in the target area are the result of employment deterioration.

This study tests whether expenditures on social interactions and ceremonies worked as signals reflecting social status in the rural society of pre-war Japan. For this, we use household panel data collected between 1931 and 1941. Cross-sectional estimations find higher social expenses for households in a higher social position proxied by residential land size. Using rainfall as an instrument for household income, our IV regressions show constant spending on social events regardless of income fluctuations and social positions. Thus, regular spending was necessary for the upkeep of status in closely-knit communities in pre-war Japan.

The objective of this paper is to discuss career development supports for child labor by a Cambodian farmer. Child labor can also be considered as a form of labor, and it is possible to think of child labor from the perspective of career development. A farmer may be able to support career development of child labor from the view of improving their personal and management skills. Furthermore, it was suggested that it would be possible to ascertain the children's accurate situations by confirming them from the perspectives of a farmer.

This paper analyzes the stratification of farm households in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region from 2015 to 2019 based on statistical data. The conclusion of this paper is that the number of large-scale farmers and land-owning non-farmers tends to increase, and the stratification of farm households is confirmed. On the other hand, the management of small-and medium-sized farmers is considered to be maintained by mechanization of crop production, and livestock breeding.

In order to effectively use Food for Specified Health Uses and Food with Function Claims, it is important to analyze the consumers' perceptions of Functional Claims. In this study, we focused on four functional claims, namely, “Reducing body fat”, “Supporting eye function”, “Suppressing a rise in the blood glucose level” and, “Conditioning your stomach”. We applied co-word network analysis to text obtained from questionnaires to analyze the consumer's perception. As a result of the analysis, it was found that there are two types of misconceptions in consumers' perceptions. One is the confusion of two of the claims; the other is the misunderstanding of health functionality.

We investigate empirically whether the productivity levels of Chinese large-scale dairy farms are higher than those of small- and medium-scale farms. First, we measure the multilateral total factor productivity (TFP) index of each scale, region, and year using published statistical data. Second, we compare TFP levels of large-scale farms with those of farms of other scales using regression analysis. Our results show that the TFP levels of large-scale farms are not higher than those of small- and medium-scale farms.

The objective of this study is to build a model for water demand in order to evaluate the gap between the actual water demand and predicted demand by the supplier in a semi-demand-driven water management system, where the water distribution is determined by the supplier. The model shows that the difference between the planned and actual water distribution consists of the gap between predicted and actual water demand and the meteorological deviation from the average. The validity of this model and the importance of examining the gap in water demand are shown in the empirical verification and the consideration.

The purpose of this paper is structure analysis of the Japanese black calf market by auction data from Iwate Prefecture. To conclude, firstly it was revealed that fact-finding by suppliers and buyers, including particular buyers, often successfully bid on calves from the same supplier in the year. Secondly, cross-breeding of 3 generations affected the price, depending on which lines were bred and how they were bred. Thirdly, particular suppliers and buyers' relationships showed positive effects on price. Furthermore, research results show suppliers, buyers and particular seeds cross-breeding relate to the market structure and therefore we need to do more detailed analysis.

The LEADER is an EU initiative to support rural development projects initiated at the local level in order to revitalise rural areas and create jobs. But its evaluation process had rarely been studied. This study focused on evaluation/self-assessment by the LAGs of the LEADER regions in Germany as case studies, and we explored best evaluation practices that improve collective learning among various actors involved. We found that regions that put high priority on having discussions at workshops during the evaluation/self-assessment period were successful in improving collective learning. Using evaluation methodology made by the DVS was also found to be useful.