The effect of the experimental undernutrition on the early development of the brain has been extensively studied by several investigators. It has been usually found that the greatest vulnerable period coincides with the time of rapid growth of brain, and at that time even mild undernutrition will cause severe and permanent reduction of the weight and size, RNA, protein and lipid contents, and cell number and size in the brain. Undernutrition causes the irreversible deficiencies in these substances of the brain if the fully rehabilitation is not given the underfed animals during the periods concomitant with the vulnerable ones. The ability of the underfed animals to recover from undernutrition is dependent upon the number of factors, the number and the types of cells, the time of start of rehabilitation and the extent of feed restriction. It is noted that undernutrition during early life of the developing rat caused deficit in weight and DNA in cerebellum most severely. The close relationships between this deficit and the marked high rate of cell formation in cerebellum during postnatal periods has been described. In human studies, retardation in mental development appears to im plicate undernutrition as the cause. Up to now much work has been done, but the data are becoming more and more complicate, each study has its own particular fault and faults are not the same. More available informations will be obtained in future.

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Fourteen cases of infantile hydrocephalus resulting from purulent meningitis were presented, out of which five cases were associated with lumbosacral meningccele. There have been many problems for the surgical treatments of postmeningitic hydrocephalus, which is quite different from those of congenital hydrocephalus, because of the presence of infection and increased protein content in the cerebrospinal fluid. It is also one of the most important factors to determine the period of the surgical procedure. In our clinic, the following prccedure is carried out for the treatment of postmeningitic hydrocephalus. The first: ventricular tap or drain age is performed at situations which culture of the CSF is positive and hydrocephalus is progessive. In addition, antibiotic therapy is maintained as long as persistent fever or evidence of cellular reaction in the CSF remains. The second: ventriculo-peritoneal shunt should be performed after the culture of the CSF was negative for more than three weeks and total protein content in the CSF dropped down to less than 500mg/dl. The third: if v-p shunt is ineffective for reducing increased intracranial pressure, it should be replaced to the ventriculo-atrial shunt.

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The authors have experienced eleven cases of surgical treatment for spina bifida cystica during last eight years. Redical operation was performed in ten cases, one of which died of post-operative meningitis. Five cases who had hydrocephalus underwent ventriculoatriostomy with favorable results. The advantage of our operation method to combine upper laminectomy with ordin ary radical operation for spina bifida was the case of direct surgery of structural aspect of spina bifida which enabled to avoid untoward nervous damage during surgery, to perform the suture of the dura easily and consequently to prevent post operative infection. The neurological status of 8 cases 2 to 8 years following surgery were as follows:
( a ) Mental activities were normal in all cases.
( b ) Physical activities were normal in four cases.
( c ) One case had occasional incontinence only.
( d ) The other three cases had slight gait disturbance with incontin

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This study is based on 156 cases with grand mal epilepsies, which have shown more than five times of attacks during the period over one year after the first attack, and which were observed at our department for the last six years. These 156 cases were classified into the three groups, i. e. “awakening”, “sleep” and “diffuse” epilepsies, according to the Janz' classification. The 51 cases (33%) out of them were awakening epilepsies with attacks only while waking, the 55 cases (35%) were sleep epilepsies with seizures mainly after falling asleep and/or before waking in the morning, and the 50 cases (32%) were diffuse epilepsies with attacks occuring while waking as well as sleeping without particular regularities. This report consists of the surveys of the ages at the onset, the etiology, the com bination with other types of minor attacks, the frequencies of the attacks, the precipitating factors, the abnormalities of the neurological examination, the mental disturbances, the characters, the EEG-findings, and the effects of the anticonvulsant for the three groups and the relevant discussions. It was suggested that the awakening e