Organ Biology
Online ISSN : 2188-0204
Print ISSN : 1340-5152
ISSN-L : 1340-5152
18 巻, 1 号
選択された号の論文の27件中1~27を表示しています
review article
  • 2011 年 18 巻 1 号 p. 2-3
    発行日: 2011/06/10
    公開日: 2014/11/26
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 高橋 公太
    2011 年 18 巻 1 号 p. 5
    発行日: 2011/06/10
    公開日: 2014/11/26
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 小林 英司
    2011 年 18 巻 1 号 p. 9-10
    発行日: 2011/06/10
    公開日: 2014/11/26
    ジャーナル フリー
  • なぜ超急性拒絶反応は発生しないのか
    高橋 公太
    2011 年 18 巻 1 号 p. 11-32
    発行日: 2011/01/10
    公開日: 2013/11/26
    ジャーナル フリー
    It has now been over 20 years since we performed our first ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation(ABO-IKTx)in Japan. During that time about 1700 ABO-IKT have been performed. Since 2001 the success rate for these kidney transplants has been 96% for 1-year graft survival and 91% for 5-year graft survival, similar to results for ABO-compatible KTx. This dramatic improvement in results means that this transplantation procedure has become accepted for curative therapy in end-stage renal failure. Today ABO-IKTx accounts for 30% of all living KTx performed in Japan.In the 100 years since Karl Landsteiner discovered human ABO blood groups, the common wisdom has been that organ transplantation between incompatible blood groups would result immediately in hyperacute rejection and graft loss. However, this concept turned out to be a completely unsupported assumption. We provided epidemiological proof that hyperacute rejection was not caused by the ABO histo-blood group antigens(ABO HBGAS).We have reported elsewhere our two new ground-breaking findings regarding ABO-IKTx. We are confident that these findings will overturn the conventional wisdom about ABO-IKTx, and will mark a fundamental change in treatment strategies.The first finding involves ABO HBGAS, which are classed as carbohydrate antigens.Conventionally, emphasis has been placed on the saccharide chains only, and related phenomena have been interpreted accordingly. However, the saccharide chains in ABO histo-blood group antigens are present in the form of glycoproteins, and the binding proteins are termed " carrier proteins ". By employing proteomic analysis, we discovered that these binding proteins differ between the ABO HBGAS on the erythrocytic surface and those on the vascular endothelial cell surface. These new facts make it necessary to divide the ABO HBGAS into two broad categories.The antigens on the erythrocyte surface are ABO blood group antigens, while the antigens on the vascular endothelial cell surface are ABO histo group antigens.The lymphocytes probably do not identify the saccharides and binding proteins separately, but instead recognize them as part of a whole, and then proceed to form antibodies that have a high affinity for that whole. In other words, the recipient's anti-A/anti-B natural antibodies are primarily anti-ABO blood group antibodies, which do not have much affinity for the ABO histo group antigens on the vascular endothelial cell surface in the transplant organ. This is the main reason that hyperacute rejection is not induced by ABO incompatibility. The second finding relates to the known fact that ABO-incompatibility associated acute antibody-mediated rejection is caused by anti-A/anti-B antibodies. Conventionally it had been believed that this rejection response was caused by natural antibodies present in the recipient. However, if we consider the first theory, it becomes clear that the antibodies eliciting acute antibody-mediated rejection could not be produced without transplantation of the donor organ. That is to say, the recipient lymphocytes must be sensitized to the ABO histo group antigens on the vascular endothelial cells, resulting in the new production of anti-A/anti-B de novo antibodies. We have proven this fact indirectly elsewhere.After considering the new findings described above, we have established pretransplant desensitization therapy as the cornerstone of our transplantation treatment strategy.
  • ピロリ菌感染における胃腺粘液糖鎖の役割
    中山 淳
    2011 年 18 巻 1 号 p. 33-37
    発行日: 2011/06/10
    公開日: 2014/11/26
    ジャーナル フリー
    Glycan chains expressed on and/or secreted from cells are involved in many biological events such as cellular differentiation and development, infection and immunity, and cancer. Particularly,gastric gland mucin is heavily glycosylated protein secreted from lower portion of the gastric mucosa and characteristically contains O-glycans carrying terminal a1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine residues(aGlcNAc). Interestingly, Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori), a causative bacteria for gastric cancer, is barely found in this mucin. Recently we revealed that aGlcNAc suppresses the cell growth and motility of H. pylori, thus protecting aGlcNAc-secreting gastric gland mucous cells from the infection. In this review, Ifocus on aGlcNAc as an example of recently identified glycan function and discuss the molecular mechanism how this O-glycan functions as antibiotic against H.pylori. Alteration of glycan chains is associated with pathogenesis of various diseases such asmacular corneal dystrophy, muscular dystrophy, and diabetes. Discovery of new functions of glycanchain will provide us important information for not only understanding of the pathogenesis ofglycan-associated disorders but also development of the prevention and therapy.
  • 秋山 政人
    2011 年 18 巻 1 号 p. 39-45
    発行日: 2011/06/10
    公開日: 2014/11/26
    ジャーナル フリー
    In this chapter, I have commented on the revised organ transplantation law and the newly necessary legal procedure, especially for the child abuse and extirpation of the intention of organ donation as well as the importance of the terminal care and grief care in the field of emergency medicine.In addition, I would also like to introduce the Donor Action Program in Niigata prefecture in which how we have definitely developed and promoted the regional and institutional system for the organ donation.
  • 免疫抑制薬の感受性試験と服薬指導
    杉山 健太郎, 磯貝 和也, 坂爪 重明, 外山 聡, 佐藤 博, 齋藤 和英, 中川 由紀, 田﨑 正行, 高橋 公太, 平野 俊彦
    2011 年 18 巻 1 号 p. 47-51
    発行日: 2011/06/10
    公開日: 2014/11/26
    ジャーナル フリー
    Renal transplant recipients are administered immunosuppressive therapy to prevent acute rejection. In particular, new immunosuppressive agents have helped to improve the allograft survival rate and reduce the rate of rejection in renal transplant recipients. The optimal dose of calcineurin inhibitors is determined by therapeutic drug monitoring. However, the pharmacological efficacy of cyclosporine and tacrolimus should be estimated using both pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic parameters. We therefore employed the lymphocyte immunosuppressant sensitivity test(LIST) with the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5diphenyltetrazolium bromide(MTT)assay procedure to evaluate renal transplant recipients. The LIST with the MTT assay procedure can predict the pharmacological efficacy of immunosuppressive drugs using peripheral blood mononuclear cellsMoreover, renal transplant recipients must be correctly treated with immunosuppressive agents and another medicines. Therefore, the pharmacist must provide instructions for all medications to maintain adherence in renal transplantation. Therefore, transplantation therapy must be based on the pharmaceutical care given by pharmacists.
  • 松山 晃文
    2011 年 18 巻 1 号 p. 53-58
    発行日: 2011/06/10
    公開日: 2014/11/26
    ジャーナル フリー
    A medical system is anticipated, where high-quality medical services are accessible without anxieties whenever we are ill. The innovative regenerative medical products, or tissue-engineered medical products, have enabled us to overcome some life-threatening diseases, however, challenges still remain for others. The Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, Japan has implemented?The guideline for clinical research using human stem cells?and has launched on Sep1, 2006. Ti accelerate the realization of regenerative medicine, we researcher could receive approvals of?Kodoiryo-hyoka system?in Japan. According to the system, the governmental committee estimate the efficacy, safety and quality of clinical protocol, propose the results of estimation to the Minister of Health, Labor and Welfare, Japan, and then the Minister approve the protocols. The system will be use for binding between the Medical practitionerʼs Law and Pharmaceutical Affairʼs Law. The system is useful for realizing of regenerative medicine. The major goal of these guidelines and the systems is to reinforce and ensure safe on investigational new regenerative medical products.
  • 臨床応用を視野に入れた臓器置換最先端戦略
    山田 和彦
    2011 年 18 巻 1 号 p. 59-70
    発行日: 2011/06/10
    公開日: 2014/11/26
    ジャーナル フリー
    The shortage of donors for organ transplantation continues to be a health care crisis. Recently the techniques for reprogramming of adult cells by gene transduction to produce pluriopotent stem cells (iPS) have increased interest in the possibility of tissue regeneration with minimal ethical issues.However, there is no report demonstrating normal functional capacity of solid organs utilizing either reprogramming or regenerative technology. Thus, these technologies will need much further development to reach a preclinical stage for solid organ replacement. Therefore, I believe that donor organs from other species,?xenotransplantation?remains at the forefront of the search for a solution to the organ shortage.Overcoming both antibody-mediated and cellular-mediated immunity are of particular importance to the success of xenotransplantation. The pig is generally considered the most suitable donor species for xenotransplantation. The major obstacle preventing the successful transplantation of porcine organs into primates was the existence of natural antibodies against a terminal saccharide epitope, galactose-a1,3-galactose(Gal), produced by a1,3-galactosyltransferase(GalT). Recently, we have eliminated this barrier through our new breed of a-1,3-galactosyltransferase knockoutWhile GalT-KOgrafts did not undergo hyperacute rejection, additional strategies are required to overcome xenogeneic cellular rejection. Although titration of immunosuppressive drugs is generally manageable for allotransplantation, the amount of suppression required to avoid rejection of xenografts may lead to unacceptable level of susceptibility to infection. Thus, we have studied strategies to induce tolerance to xenogeneic organs. I have developed the innovative strategy to induce transplant tolerance by transplanting?vascularized donor thymus?. We have reported that cotransplantation of porcine thymus tissue as a vascularized graft can induce tolerance across full allogeneic barriers to kidneys and hearts in a miniature swine model. Using GalT-KOdonors, which eliminate humoral rejection by anti-Gal antibodies, a survival advantage was conferred by the vascularized porcine thymus graft, resulting in life-supporting renal xenograft survivals greater than80 days with normal creatinine levels in baboons which is the world longest-survival record of lifesupporting organs in pig-to-baboon models.More recently, I have started xenotransplantation projects, GalT-KOkidney, lung, and islets in Japan. I have developed a new strategy with hepatocyte growth factor(HGF), aimed at prolonging xenogeneic islet survival. Preliminary data in this pig to non-human primate model demonstrate euglycemia up to 2 months following porcine islet transplantation in an IDDM monkey.
  • 大和田 哲男
    2011 年 18 巻 1 号 p. 71-78
    発行日: 2011/06/10
    公開日: 2014/11/26
    ジャーナル フリー
    CAS, semantically Cell Alive System has been originated and developed by ABI. Co, Japan. CAS technology has brought about the innovation of food storage. Even after frozen, the food keeps the fresh flavor and taste. The mechanism is thought that freezing in the magnetic field prevents the microstructure from cryodamages, probably caused by ice crystal formation. Long-term storage with fresh taste enables to distribute delicious but delicate foods that had been consumed only in local area to urban area, regardless of time and distance. In addition to providing a chance to taste rare foods, CAS contributes to revitalization of local communities. As a next step, application of CAS for medical resources, i. e., cryopreservation of organs, tissues, and cells for transplantation is being undertaken. The project has started by cryopreservation of extracted wisdom teeth by Dr. T. Kawada and monkey ovaries by Dr. T. Sankai;teeth bank has been established and stored teeth may be implanted instead of lost teeth. Ovarial transplantation is hoped that the patients who has to be gonadectomized by medical reason leave the possibility of giving birth to own babies. And also,human hepatocytes that are cryopreserved for cell transplantation is being challenged by Dr. S.Enosawa. Relatively large amount of cells for the transplantation are frozen well by CAS system.
  • 圷 尚武, 剣持 敬, 齊藤 友永, 西郷 健一, 丸山 通広, 岩下 力, 大月 和宣, 伊藤 泰平, 浅野 武秀
    2011 年 18 巻 1 号 p. 81-86
    発行日: 2011/06/10
    公開日: 2014/11/26
    ジャーナル フリー
    We studied the efficacy of perfusion preservation for ischemically damaged kidney and pancreas using a newly designed handy perfusion maghine LifePort. Using Beagle dogs, kidneys or pancreas with 30 minutes warm ischemia were preserved for 24 hours with machine perfusion (LifePort group)or simple cold storage (UW group).LifePort group showed the superiority in kidney preservation evaluated by significantly lower serum creatinine levels and higher recipients survival rate(100% vs. 40%)after autografts as compared to UW group. The advantage of LifePort in pancreas preservation, however, was not found in this pilot study. The results of this study demonstrated that machine perfusion using LifePort may be a potent tool for preservation of ischemically damaged kidneys from non-heart beating donors in Japan.
  • 松野 直徒, 小原 弘道, 平野 俊彦, 武藤 眞, 許 懐哲, 絵野沢 伸, 水沼 博
    2011 年 18 巻 1 号 p. 87-91
    発行日: 2011/06/10
    公開日: 2014/11/26
    ジャーナル フリー
    The shortage of organ donors is a universal problem. A great disparity exists between the supply of donor organs and the demand of potential transplant recipients. To increase the organ procurement rate, strategy could be to procured livers from donation after cardiac death(DCD). In this study, porcine livers were perfused with new developed machine perfusion system. This system consists of three circulating systems for a portal vein, a hepatic artery and maintenance of a perfusion solution. Each system for the portal vein or the hepatic artery has a roller pump, a flow meter and a pressure sensor Both systems are able to control respectively and a flow rate and a pressure were continuously monitored. The maintenance system has a filter unit to remove cellular wastes and a heat exchanger unit to maintain a temperature of the solution. In this experiment, the livers were preserved after cardiac death with Euro Collins solution for two hours by simple cold storage and UW-gluconate solution for three hours by machine perfusion system. The flow rate of the portal vein(PV)and hepatic artery(HA)were 0.5 and 0.2mL/min/g/liver. The calculated pressure condition at the entrance of PV and HA were 7 and 28 mmHg. The experimental groups were as follows:Group 1:WIT 0 min. Group 2:WIT 30 min. effluent of liver enzyme AST, LDH in the preservation perfusate of the group 2 were higher rather than group 1. Those enzymes after ischemic reperfuion were significantly high, in group 2. However, survival rate was same. among two groups. In conclusions, our original perfusion preservation machine is useful for the evaluationof the liver graft viability and canbe able to apply for liver transplantation.
  • 深井 原, 藤堂 省
    2011 年 18 巻 1 号 p. 92-98
    発行日: 2011/06/10
    公開日: 2014/11/26
    ジャーナル フリー
    Heavy water, deuterium oxide(D2O), is a stable isotope compound of H2O, causing stabilization of actin and tubulin. D2O inhibits cytosolic calcium overload via plasma membrane channel and ER. D2O stimulates ATP production by augmenting glucose uptake, activities of glycolysis, TCAcylcle, and oxidative phosphorylation in certain experimental models. Further, D2O inhibits organ swelling and damage during cold preservation. Although precise mechanism remains unclear, these properties are considered suitable for the organ preservation. Here we reviewed the possible cytoprotective actions of D2O from the biophysical, biochemical, and clinical viewpoints to enlighten the new insight of organ preservation.
  • 大段 秀樹
    2011 年 18 巻 1 号 p. 100-101
    発行日: 2011/06/10
    公開日: 2014/11/26
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 田﨑 正行
    2011 年 18 巻 1 号 p. 102-107
    発行日: 2011/06/10
    公開日: 2014/11/26
    ジャーナル フリー
    The phenomenon of accommodation in the recipients after blood group ABO incompatible kidney transplantation (iKTx), in which the grafts survive without acute antibody-mediated rejection despite the presence of both blood group A or B antigen within the graft and the corresponding antibodies in the recipient blood is not uncommon. In this study, 25 patients who underwent an ABO iKTx and compatible kidney transplantation (KTx) within 2years and patients with a relatively long graft survival, up to 12years. Blood group A and B antigens in the graft were detected immunohistochemically, while blood group A and B enzymes of donors were stably maintained in sera and in biopsy specimens by a highly specific and sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The level of A and B enzyme of donor blood type tended to decline in the recipients with antibody mediated rejection. Our observations on the presence of allogeneic A and B enzymes in the recipientsʼ sera should have implication in decision making for a successful iKTx.
  • 伊禮 俊充, 田澤 宏文, 大段 秀樹
    2011 年 18 巻 1 号 p. 108-111
    発行日: 2011/06/10
    公開日: 2014/11/26
    ジャーナル フリー
    The use of ABO-incompatible donor organs and cross match positive donor organs is a possible solution for the shortage of donor organs for transplantation. However, naturally occurring antibodies against blood group A or B carbohydrate determinants or induced antibodies against allogeneic peptides in sera are a major impediment to achieving successful organ transplantation. In this paper, we report the mechanism of antibody production, especially in anti-blood group carbohydrate antibody production and immunosuppressive strategies targetting B cells including our novel knowledge.
  • 長谷川 康, 田邉 稔, 加藤 幸成, 金子 美華, 島津 元秀, 若林 剛, 河地 茂行, 尾原 秀明, 篠田 昌宏, 成松 久, 北島 ...
    2011 年 18 巻 1 号 p. 112-115
    発行日: 2011/06/10
    公開日: 2014/11/26
    ジャーナル フリー
    Background. The major barrier to ABO-incompatible solid organ transplantation is acute humoral rejection. Various strategies to reduce anti-blood group antibodybyovercoming ABO incompatible transplantation have been tried. However, antigen-suppressing procedures have not been performed. Methods. We investigated whether an anti-A antibody(K7508)can mask A-antigen on the cells in vitro. Next, we immunized mice with A-antigen-expressing cells coated with K7508 or its Fab fragment, and measured anti-A antibodyproduction in the mice. Results. Blood group A-antigen-expressing cells coated with K7508 were not recognized by another anti-A antibodyin flow cytometry, indicating that A-antigen was masked byK7508 in vitro. The A-antigen on the paraffin-embedded liver tissue was also masked byK7508. Furthermore, the production of anti-A antibodyin mice immunized with A-antigen-expressing cells coated with K7508 or its Fab fragment was significantlysuppressed compared to that in mice immunized with non-coated cells alone, indicating that A-antigen was neutralized byK7508 in vivo. Conclusions. The neutralization of blood group antigen byanti-blood group antibodyand especiallyits Fab fragment might represent one strategyto overcome ABO-incompatible organ transplantation
  • 小林 孝彰
    2011 年 18 巻 1 号 p. 116-120
    発行日: 2011/06/10
    公開日: 2014/11/26
    ジャーナル フリー
    After the introduction of desensitization protocol, the outcome of ABO incompatible renal transplantation(Tx)is now comparable to that of ABO identical/compatible Tx. However, since severe antibody-mediated rejection has been observed in some cases, the development of more safe and efficient method is desirable. Our attention has been directed towards enzymatic digestion of A/B carbohydrate antigens in the graft. In vivo and ex vivo experiment revealed that over 90% of A/B antigens expressed in endothelial cells of the baboon graft could be successfully removed. Elucidation of accommodation mechanisms through analysis of complement, inflammation and coagulation, and signal pathway in details would also be essential for further improvement of organ Tx.
  • 大段 秀樹, 田﨑 正行, 小林 孝彰, 長谷川 康, 岩﨑 研太, 絵野沢 伸, 山田 和彦, 伊禮 俊充, 高橋 公太, 小林 英司
    2011 年 18 巻 1 号 p. 121-124
    発行日: 2011/06/10
    公開日: 2014/11/26
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 藤永 卓司, 趙 向東, 阪本 仁, 中島 大輔, 陳 豊史, 庄司 剛, 阪井 宏彰, 板東 徹, 伊達 洋至
    2011 年 18 巻 1 号 p. 127-129
    発行日: 2011/06/10
    公開日: 2014/11/26
    ジャーナル フリー
    Primary graft failure remains the main cause of early death after lung transplantation. Preservation conditions of donor grafts during ischemic time influences graft function after lung transplantation. This article describes current status of lung preservation for transplantation and our experiences of lung transplantation using ET-Kyoto solution developed in Kyoto University. Additionally, we present some results of our experiments for a novel preservation procedure of the lung.
  • 小原 弘道, 松野 直徒, 牛久保 健太, 絵野沢 伸, 水沼 博
    2011 年 18 巻 1 号 p. 130-133
    発行日: 2011/06/10
    公開日: 2014/11/26
    ジャーナル フリー
    An evaluation method for a liver graft viability using machine perfusion preservation is proposed and is discussed the possibility of the proposed method. The evaluation of the liver graft viability before a transplantation is important to prevent a severe ischemic reperfusion injury. In this study, a pressure transition of a hepatic artery is employed as an evaluation index. The normalized pressures of the hepatic artery show distinctive pressure drop trends in each experimental condition controlled with a warm ischemic time. The graft of the high viability shows a good response to the pressure of the hepatic artery and the graft of the low viability shows a poor response to it. These results suggest that the monitoring of the pressure drop rate of the hepatic artery has a possibility to evaluate the liver graft viability
  • 尾崎 倫孝, 芳賀 早苗, 森田 直樹, 深井 原, 藤堂 省, 小澤 岳昌, 近江谷 克裕
    2011 年 18 巻 1 号 p. 134-140
    発行日: 2011/06/10
    公開日: 2014/11/26
    ジャーナル フリー
    In order to develop an effective organ/cell preservation solution and to monitor graft function continuously and non-invasively, an innovative imaging technology to visualize cell/organ function is required. Recently, we developed molecular probes to visualize redox states and cellular stresses,and cellular antigens in deeper lesions of the organ. In the hepatic ischemia/reperfusion model of mice, we successfully imaged liver oxidative stress and apoptosis(by caspase-3 activity)noninvasively and chronologically in a single mouse. We are also trying to develop new tools to visualize ER stress and cellular antigens in deeper lesions. These tools will definitely provide a new avenue toward cell/organ transplantation in the future.
  • 中島 一朗, 渕之上 昌平
    2011 年 18 巻 1 号 p. 141-144
    発行日: 2011/06/10
    公開日: 2014/11/26
    ジャーナル フリー
    Since October 1997 as of October 2010, a total of 74 pancreas transplantations from brain-dead donors have been performed in Japan. Of those, twelve pancreas transplantations were performed within 4 months after enaction of the Modified Organ Transplantation Law. But the majority of brain-dead donors were marginal. The two-layer method(UWS/PFC)was developed for pancreas preservation at Kobe University group, and they reported the resuscitation of ischemically damaged pancreas grafts during this preservation. It is presumed that the demands for this pancreas preservation method increases in proportion to the pancreas transplantation from brain-dead donors.
  • 富田 幹雄, 畑中 恵, 中池 万里子, 甲斐 友視, 小池 千晶, 村田 宏行, 田中 文子, 上林 敦, 林 正弘
    2011 年 18 巻 1 号 p. 145-150
    発行日: 2011/06/10
    公開日: 2014/11/26
    ジャーナル フリー
    Lipopolysaccharides(LPS)are highly bioactive substances that cause local as well as systemic damage to various organs in both humans and animals, even at very low doses. However, there have been few reports on their pharmacokinetics during endotoxemia. In the present study, we examined the pharmacokinetics of rhodamine123(a substrate of P-glycoprotein;Rho123)and bromosulfophthalein(a marker of hepatobiliary function;BSP)as probe drugs in a two-compartment model in a rat model of endotoxemia induced by LPS-repeated administration(5mg/kg, i. p.)for 5 days. Rho123and BSP were given to Wistar rats intravenously(i. v.). AUCi.v. was significantly increased and CL was decreased on day 1 after LPS administration. There was a significant decrease in b during the elimination phase on day 1 but not V2(volume distributed in the tissue compartment) throughout the experiment. On day 5 after LPS administration, AUCi.v. and CL returned to their control levels in the LPS(+)group but the elimination rate constant had changed. Thus, LPS administration affected the elimination of Rho123and the function of the liver as evaluated by BSP elimination. The findings of this study suggest that Rho123elimination is decreased via a reduction in the length of the b (elimination rate constant) phase after LPS administration. It appears that Rho123and BSP pharmacokinetics had recovered by 5 days after LPS administration.
  • 平野 俊彦
    2011 年 18 巻 1 号 p. 151-152
    発行日: 2011/06/10
    公開日: 2014/11/26
    ジャーナル フリー
    人間にとって鉄は強さの象徴で,昔から強い人には鉄人という形容詞が使われたりする.消化管出血などによって血液とともに鉄が失われると鉄欠乏性貧血を引き起こすが,一方で,鉄が生体内で過剰になった場合,それがさまざまな病気の元凶になることがある.本稿ではその背景に触れるとともに,遊離鉄によってもたらされる臓器障害をコントロールする薬物の臓器保存における有用性について考えてみたい.
  • 高原 史郎
    2011 年 18 巻 1 号 p. 153
    発行日: 2011/06/10
    公開日: 2014/11/26
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 高橋 公太
    2011 年 18 巻 1 号 p. 164
    発行日: 2011/06/10
    公開日: 2014/11/26
    ジャーナル フリー
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