This study's objective was to clarify how new mothers perceive and cope with a lack of sleep during the early postpartum period. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 mothers; the responses were analyzed using the KJ method. Mothers held the belief that being a mother means not sleeping, but also felt anxiety at not knowing what comes next and experienced unique hardships that differed from mother to mother. In addition, the first factor contributed to irritation at those around them and embarrassment, which in turn had knock-on effects on the latter hardships. Effective coping strategies included recognizing the preciousness of "now, " comparing their current situation with the past or those of other mothers, setting their mind at ease, and anti-perfectionism, which led mothers to overcome their difficulties with tricks and help from others. Our results suggest that providers need to understand how mothers perceive and cope with sleeplessness during the early postpartum period, design training contents so that they can visualize the next stages of motherhood, and offer specific solutions to help them sleep.

This study aimed to examine the influence of parent-child psychological independence on care burden through acceptance of care. Five hundred thirty-four adult children, who were caring for, or had cared for their parents at home, completed the scales. In analysis one, the acceptance of care scale data was analyzed using factor analysis and confirmed reliability and validity. In analysis two, data were analyzed using a pass analysis with multiple group structural equation modeling to identify the relationship between parent-child psychological independence, the acceptance of care, and care burden, and the care dyad difference between the models. Analysis one showed three factors of the acceptance of care scale: 'confusion and resistance,' 'resignation and hope,' 'active understanding. ' This scale had internal consistency and validity. Analysis two illustrated that 'reliable relationship with a parent' affected 'resignation and hope' and 'active understanding,' and that 'confusion and resistance' and 'active understanding' affected care burden. It was also suggested that dementia affected 'confusion and resistance' in mother-daughter caregiving. Implications for mental support for caregivers were discussed.

ADHD is a developmental disorder that is known to influence traffic accidents because of the characteristics. Therefore, it is essential to understand the effects of psychological and behavioral characteristics of ADHD on traffic behaviors to identify effective methods of preventing traffic accidents. This study used an analog study method and focused on "attentional dysfunctions while moving." A self-checklist by 5 choices method that made of ADHD 18 items in DSM-5 was administered to university students and correlations between the ability of two types of spatial attention tasks and scores of attentional dysfunctions while moving were examined based on the degree of ADHD tendency. A two-way ANOVA was conducted on ADHD tendency and the ability of spatial attention. The results showed the participants with high ADHD tendencies demonstrated a low change detection ability that decreased "attentional dysregulation scores" and "a decline in arousal level scores". It was suggested that difficulties in maintaining attention might decrease the change detection ability of people with ADHD tendencies, which might influence carelessness while moving.

This study aimed to explore the relationship of trust in actors related to criminal justice with attitudes toward criminal justice and to identify the determinants of trust. A questionnaire was administered to 332 Japanese adults. The following results were obtained: (1) trust in actors was generally determined by respondents' perceptions on actors' value similarity, capacity, and fairness; (2) the relationship between trust and perceptions varied depending on respondents' level of interest in crime-related issues; and (3) while attitudes toward criminal justice were related to trust in researchers, victims, prison officers, politicians, community members, and judges, they were not related to trust in policemen and prison officers The implications of these findings have been discussed.

This is a study for effect of professionalism on personal growth Initiative among university students who wish to apply for profession. The study was carried out through a questionnaire, that would help to determine preference of professionalism and personal growth initiative, to 224 students who are belonging to first, second and third grader in universities. On the assumption that two factors "altruism" and "autonomy" will effect on personal growth initiative through three factors of mediation "cooperation with coworkers", "learning and development of knowledge and skill" and "qualification", and then pass analyses was conducted. Results of pass analyses showed that preferences for "altruism" could positively effect on "personal growth Initiative" indirectly through "cooperation with coworkers" and "learning and development of knowledge and skills", and indicated that preferences for "autonomy" positively effect on "personal growth initiative" and "learning and development of knowledge and skills" directly.

The present study examined the relationships between the tendency to consume energy drink and personality traits. The participants were 288 Japanese undergraduates （M_age=20.15; 207 females）. They completed the questionnaire including Big Five personality traits, sensation seeking, and tendency to consume energy drink. Logistic and Poisson regression analyses revealed that the consumption of energy drink was associated positively with Thrill & Adventure and Disinhibition dimensions of the sensation seeking, which is a part of Extraversion. The results imply the psychological characteristics of its consumers.