GLONASS is a satellite positioning system operated by Russia. The improvements of accuracy by using GPS together with GLONASS are expected because GLONASS has a lot of numbers next to GPS. In this research, the authors have inspected the combination effect of GPS and GLONASS to RTK positioning with roving antenna and fixed antenna. As a result, it was observed that positioning accuracy was improved by GLONASS with fixed antenna, but not improved with roving antenna.

Recently, interest for observations of human movements is increasing. Such kinds of observations require individual human tracking under the circumstance where the multiple human exist, and the observations are still challenging. Though video cameras can acquire color data, these have difficulty of tracking objects having occlusion. On the other hand, range data make the tracking more stable against the occlusion. Stereo video cameras can acquire color and range data simultaneously. This study proposes a multiple human tracking technique by using the stereo video camera. To be specific, human tracking is accomplished by combining color and range data. Generalized state-space model is adopted as a basic method, and color and range data are combined into observation model. The human positions are estimated by using particle filter. The proposed technique is applied to real sequential images, and the effectiveness of the technique is confirmed.

This paper reports to result of development a measurement system which measures a distance between two points in local space、 For improvement of efficiency at construction site and reduce human-error on recording data The system is made up of straight distance laser-sensor、 electrical pan-tilt unit having specific relative coordinate、 and command-controllable. They were built up the devices based three concepts: scaffold-less measurement which target is height places、conveniently direction、 lightly and portability. The main purpose these concepts were decided from site survey working. A measurement value is calculated by point' s three-dimensional coordinate that is processed by straight distance and angles by pan-tilt unit. The device' s accuracy has been ±10mm per 10m.

Recently, many large-sized plant buildings are planned, and some plans are realized (constructions are actually performed). In the construction of the large-sized plant, reduction of the initial investment fund is demanded. Particularly, the reduction of the building expenses is demanded. For the reduction of the cost, reduction of the labor is demanded. However, construction work still requires considerable skill and labor. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new systems and processes in order to reduce construction costs.

In this paper, an efficient method for measuring the embedded plate fixed position was developed using digital photogrammetry and CAD data. The authors verified the efficiency of the measurement system by implementing it at the construction site of a large plant.

Many local governments are adapted to share geo-information among operational sections now. Actually geo-information is produced for example when new road is build, land is destroyed by disaster, and new house is built and so on. It is ideal to use as data base these geo-information. These geo-information have high accuracy on relative position. However it is low accuracy on absolute position. And these are produced only in narrow area. Each one is different accuracy. These are reasons for which these geo-information are not used.

This study proposes to select most high accuracy geo-information, merge different geo-information, connect geometrical figures and produce as one data base. Data specification, conversion of data schema, conversion of meaning, linking with second finished good and else are also discussed.

Recently, the Information & Communication Technology has improved, and it has become possible to use 3D model for various usages, for example, the city planning, the disaster prevention planning, and the plant maintenance, etc. Therefore, the technology has improved that reconstructing the building model from the Lidar data and the aerophotograph with the automatic operation. This achievement provides an improved ability for reconstructing more complicated building roof structures. However, the technology for automatic reconstructing such a complicated structure is currently based on employing a limited number of prespecified building primitives. This paper addresses a new technique of modeling 3D building objects that has more complicated roof structures.

The study conducts investigations into a selection of ground control points for image registration using simulated image. Three data sets are used in this study; one meter spatial spacing Digital Surface Model (DSM) data as topographic high source, one meter spatial resolution IKONOS multi-spectral image as reference reflectance value of earth surface, and ALOS-PRISM image as a target image which is needed to register. Data acquisition dates are different from each other. First, two sets of shade relief data are generated from DSM: one for reference reflectance value extraction and the other for target image simulation. In reference reflectance values generation, shade and shadow are replaced from the multi-spectral bands by one of generated shade relief. Then, reference reflectance value is generated from the average of the green ratio and red ratio. Second, a simulated image is generated by integration of reference reflectance values and another shade relief data, which is generated with PRISM image acquisition parameters. Then, Ground Control Points (GCPs) are collected by Least Squares Image Matching method from the simulated image. Finally, a separated three-dimensional projective transformation model is applied in image registration with selected GCPs. The results show root mean square errors of one pixel around GCP and 5 pixels around Check Points.

In recent years, it seems that functionality requirements of city parks are changing with the background of the environmental problems besetting us and diversification of values among the people and recreational activities. Many park managers hope to use the users' needs to manage the parks. However, the existing questionnaire surveys have problems such as costs and labor power. This study aims at creating Web system to collect and share users' needs. Therefore, we created an information integration Web system using Google Maps API and explored possibilities of this system for park management. Moreover, we actually conducted experimentation using this Web system. As a result, we could verify the results of users' needs using this system for park management.

The recent development of positioning technology enables to observe detailed road traffic condition from major streets to narrow alleys using probe vehicles. The collected data is rich in information which expresses the level of road traffic service; its visualization is effective to share the common views on the present status of road traffic. In this study, we focus on the travel time data, the most familiar index of level of service for most of road traffic users, and construct its visualization service on the Web. We pursue a quick response for a visualization request from users; then we adopt a fast travel time calculation method based on Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm, and an overlay of travel time contours in raster format on a web map service. The constructed web service is able to output the travel time on the road network in central Tokyo in less than two seconds, and to visualize the spatial distribution and temporal change of travel time. It might be considered as an effective visualization tool for level of road traffic services in urban area.

We aim to construct Forestry GIS at the field scale by spatial measurement technology for the forest research. For this purpose, we carried out topological survey and tree census at forest floor, and three-dimensional laser measurement for canopy surface using the canopy crane. These results of surveys and measurements were generated the point data of tree census, DEM and canopy DSM as GIS database. Our constructed Forestry GIS might contribute to data integration for advanced forest research, for examples, estimations of photosynthetically products and biomass etc.

The stand volume is an important index for controlling the forest, but the nonconformity with the actuality forest stand has often been indicated. Then, the purpose of this study was to construct the convenient stand volume estimation method using the LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data. The study area was set to be the plantation of Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D.Don) and Hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtuse Endl.) forest in Aomori, Tokyo and Gifu Prefecture. In this study, we noticed the volume of the space surrounded in DSM (Digital Surface Model) and DEM (Digital Elevation Model) of the LIDAR data. And the correlation between this volume and stand volume was examined. As a result, the high value of correlation coefficients of 0.91 was obtained between spatial volume and stand volume, when it was analyzed using ground survey result of 19 plots, and it was indicated that the stand volume could be estimated from the spatial volume. And, it was confirmed that the difference by tree species and region was small for the relationship between stand volume and spatial volume and that it is a convenient and practical technique.

Recently, generation of geospatial information is efficiently performed with digital equipments. There are still, however, some issues which need to be resolved before automatic generation of geospatial information may become operational. These problems include image interpretation, multi sensor orientation and data fusion. In particular, image interpretation has to be performed by specialist taking a great deal of time, labor and skill.

On the other hand, hyperspectral data has ability to classify substance into characteristics using spectral information. This paper investigates fundamental studies of feature classification using hyperspectral data and airborne laser scanner data.

Existing antique maps were mostly produced at the Edo period in Japan, and these antique maps which show situation of land use in those days often give important information for studying history of city planning, civil engineering, architecture and so on. In particular, some antique maps give important information for natural disasters such as flood in those days. Furthermore, three dimensional visualization of the past natural disasters helps to make understanding risk management for natural disasters.

Recently, risk management using GIS have been receiving attention for warning, forecasting or monitoring disasters. In order to avoid natural disasters and realize an importance of risk management, three dimensional visualization of flood control histories in the Edo period, focusing volcanic flood by Mt Fuji at 1707, was implemented using antique maps and geoinformation in this paper.

The floods due to special heavy rains hit many areas in Japan recently. It is expected that the change of land use accompanied with urbanization have a great influence on the characteristics of inundation flow. We focused the south part of Nagano-city where had been developed rapidly and made flood inundation simulations in which the land uses before and after urbanization was assumed. The results proved that 1) It was ascertained that this area had been urbanized in nearly twenty years (1976-1997) by means of land numerical information. 2) The behavior of inundation flow became slow on the whole caused by the effect of urbanization, however, the area of dangerous district (high water depth zone) increased.

The surveying in a modern research field and the field of business changes from of the conventional optics and analogous surveying into of the electron and a digital thing, and it may be said that the hurdle of the technology rises very much. It was demanded a change from the correspondence in the educational front with it, but difficulty of the guidance appeared because I was different, and the special skills such as PC were necessary that I learned it with conventional paper and pencil. As for the computer literacy including the PC in particular, individual gap is big. There is the difference that I cannot think to be the student of the same physical science. In late years I repeat trial and error about technique of the surveying education for the demanded digital surveying technology while having a problem of such a difference. As a tool to cope with this problem, We pay our attention to a Handy GPS.

Improvement on positioning precision of FKP mode Network-based RTK-GPS (FKP) and Multi-baseline RTK-GPS (mRTK) were evaluated experimentally. In the former case, we tried to improve positioning precision of FKP by using limited-area network of five GPS-based control stations around the measurement point, instead of using wide area network of 23 control stations as FKP commercial service in the Kanto district. In the latter case, we used three reference stations simultaneously in the RTK-GPS survey in which only one reference station have been used ordinarily. As a result of the experiment, about 20% precision improvement was confirmed.

In recent years, there have been a lot of major accidents and troubles which undermine the safety of public transportation. For example the navigation trouble of the plane or the derailment of the railroad occur successively. In order to prevent such an accident and a trouble, a duty of inspection is imposed upon each public transportation organization by the related method. The work point for safety security is got ready in the monorail enterprise, and confirmation and the track displacement measurement of a crack and damage of the track beam are carried out every year. Since a monorail is the limited work of about 3 hours in that all the sections are on an elevated track, or the night, grasp or measurement of the crack and damage to track beam are not easy.

We built track check system in 2007, and to carry out the check of the monorail track beam effectively and got an opportunity to demonstrate it by Osaka monorail. In result, it was judged that was able to get objective data. We report it about track displacement measuring system with the laser displacement meter in particular.

The general standard regulation of survey revised in April 2008 requires preparing data product specifications and validating product quality in public survey.

The data product specification is supposed to be established by the institution of survey planning. However, it is difficult for the institute to establish the specification due to the incomprehension in the institution and there are only few case studies to accumulate knowledge.

In this report, product specifications for the standard survey and the reference survey are established. Metadata and the efficient method of validation process are formulated in this report.