At present, the sensory evaluation is considered to be the most adequate method to assess various bad smells or odors and, for this reason, along with advances in the technique of analyzing the odorous constituents a more effective sensory evaluation method is being developed. The disadvantages which are often pointed out in connection with the sensory evaluation method include the influence of atmospheric conditions, individual difference and the difficulty of conversing the result into numerical data.
To make good these disadvantages, many studies have been carried out to date and the effectiveness of an odor concentration method is currently being confirmed.
In the present study, the author was concerned with a three-fold indication method of the odor concentration concerning the halitosis that is clinically encountered and, at the same time, the category scale which is used today was examined for its evaluative validity.
By way of the study material, a selective use was made of 62 subjects who were judged by a screening panel of 4 dentists as suffering from the halitosis. They wrer subjected to a three-fold indication by means of i) syrings technique, ii) olfacto-meter and iii) triangle test, for the purpose of finding out the odor concentration and coefficient of variation through the dilution method.
The hedonic value and odor intensity were measured of each category and were carefully analyzed.
As a result of the study, the author arrived at the conclusions as follows:
1) At a risk rate of under 1%, the measurement results were greater in order of the tirangle test, syringe technique and lofacto-meter.
As for the coefficient of variation, the result of the syringe technique was greater than that of either the olfacto-meter or triangle test at a risk rate of under 5%.
Thus, there was observed a tendency of a large dispersion among the panel judges.
2) There were computed correlations between the scores assigned to the odor intensity and hedonic value.
Similarly, correlations were computed among the scores assigned to the odor concentration, odor intensity and hedonic value.
3) There was found a definite tendency that changes in the odor concentration, attendant upon the upgrading the category scale, increased by two times in proportion to a step upward in the category scale.

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There is known the use of osmoscope and the studies have been published on the relationship between the halitosis and oral conditions by various analytical instruments. However, the most adequate method to assess the degree of a bad smell or halitosis finally perceived by us is a sensory evaluation, because the oral fetor is generally regarded as a mixture of odorous substances.
In the belief that an assessment of the oral fetor would be made easier if the relationship between the periodontal patients and halitosis should be elucidated, the author conducted the present study to establish the correlation between the degree of halitosis and various oral conditions of periodontal patients. By way of study material, a random selection was made of a total sample of 152 consisting of 69 males and 83 females (13 to 72 years of age) from the patients consulted in the Department of Periodontology, Nihon University Dental Hospital. These subjects complained of no other diseases than periodontal ones and they were all judged to possess some kind of halitosis. The study subjects were classified into the 4 groups: i) S. G., ii) p₁, iii) p₂ and iv) P₃.
The intraoral examination included such items as the amount of dental plaque, dental calculi, redness of the gingiva, gingival bleeding, pus discharge, depth of sulcuses, tongue coating, mouth breathing, and presence or absence of subjective halitosis. By the use of psychro-olf actometer MD 7 model, both the oral and nasal exhalations were collected with odor collecting bags (3 liters in content).
Those subjects with whom the pressence of halitosis was confirmed were grouped as “N”, and those with whom the absence of halitosis was confirmed were grouped as “O”. They were subsequently subjected to the measurement of odor concentration and various correlations were examined between the concentration and oral findings.
As a result of the present study, the author arrived at the following conclusions:
1) In terms of different age and sex groups, there was observed no statistical difference between the odor concentrations of N and O groups.
2) As regards S. G., <P₁, <P₂ and P₃ groups in N, there was an increasing tendency in order of S. G. <P₁<P₂<P₃. There was not observed, however, any statistical difference among them.
As for O, on the other hand, there were observed statistical differences between S. G. group P₁ group, and S. G. group P₃ group, but not between other groups.
3) Relative to the various clinical examination items, a statistical difference (p<0.01) was found for the gingival inflammation and pus discharge in N group. A statistical difference was also detected for the gingival bleeding and depth of sulcuses (p<0.05).
In O group, on the other hand, statistical differences were for OHI, gingival inflammation, bleeding, pus discharge and depth of sulcuses (p.<0.01). As for the tongue coating, there was no statistical difference between N and O groups.
4) In N group 59% of the subjects under study complained of the subjective halitosis, whereas in O group 50% of the subjects were aware of the subjective halitosis.
5) Those who were in the habit of mouth breathing were 37% in N group and 42% in O group respectively.

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It is generally established that the acquired pellicle is formed by selective adsorption of salivary glycoproteins to the tooth surface. However, this adsorption process has never been confirmed by morphological observation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the formation of acquired pellicle morphologically related to the behaviors of sialic acid of salivary glycoproteins. Whole saliva was collected and sterilized. Sublingual-submaxillary and parotid saliva were also collected from their ducts sterilizingly. Acquired pellicle model was made up on a polished enamel plate of extracted human tooth immersed in the experimental saliva. After incubation time from 1hr to 24hr at 37°C, enamel plate was taken out and observed its surface using a scanning electron microscope. Free and total sialic acids in the saliva were determinded with the lapse of time. Moreover, it was investigated whether the behaviors of sialic acid bound to glycoproteins effect on morphological changes of the enamel plate on which salivary components were formed.
The results were summarized as follows:
1) The formative substance on the enamel plate derived from sterilized whole saliva was observed morphologically. Within 3hrs, amorphous structures adsorbed onto enamel plate. After 4 hours, net-like formative substances were observed on the amorphous surfaces. From the estimation of free and total sialic acids in saliva, it was suggested that the formation of net-like substances was closely related to the behaviors of sialic acid of salivary glycoproteins.
2) Neuraminidase (NANase) and N-acetylneuraminic acid aldolase (aldolase) purified from C. perfringens were added to the sterilized whole saliva. The same net-like formative substances as those derived from sterilized whole saliva were observed on the enamel plate after 24hrs.
3) Sublingual-submaxillary saliva had not free sialic acid but bound to glycoproteins. It had also no NANase and aldolase activity. The enamel plate immersed in this saliva showed amorphous structures predominantly, but with the passage of time, rod-like formative substances (regarded as aggregated salivary glycoproteins) were adsorbed on over all the amorphous structures. When the NANase and aldolase from C. perfringens, were added, the release and break down of sialic acid from salivary glycoproteins occurred. In this case, rod-like substances were changed to indistinct structures in relation to the content of sialic acid released.
4) The enamel plate was then incubated with parotid saliva containing both the enzymes. in spite of treatment with enzymes, amorphous structures found in the non-treated parotid saliva were also observed on the enamel surface.
5) On the enamel plate immersed in mixed saliva (sublingual-submaxillary saliva+parotid saliva), amorphous structures alone were observed. However, with the addition of both the enzymes, net-like formative substances similar to those of whole saliva were seen.
6) When the inhibitor of NANase, 2-deoxy-2, 3-dehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid was added in whole saliva, NANase activity was inhibited and free sialic acid was not released. Using this saliva, amorphous structures were clearly observed on the enamel plate.
7) The enamel plate was immersed in sterilized whole saliva and sublingual-submaxillary saliva which were previously incubated for 24hrs, in this case, only amorphous structures were found.

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In the previous study, the establishment of a plaque-forming streptococcus strain, Streptococcus mutans PK1 in germfree ICR: JCL mice was investigated and it was recognized that the organisms could be established in the mouth and digestive tract.
Further long term investigation was carried out to test for the establishment of the organisms in the oral cavity of germf ree mice at 13 weeks after inoculation and compared with the results of the previous study.
The results obtained were as follows:
1) The organisms were isolated from all specimens of teeth surfaces and the number of the organisms were in the level of less than 5.2×10⁴ to 9.9×10⁶CFU/g.
2) No statistical difference of viable cell number in the oral cavity was recognized between two groups of mice at 4 and 13 weeks after inoculation.

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The histamine contents in gingival tissue from patients with periodontal disease were measured fluorometrically by Håkanson-Rönnberg's method, and compared with clinical findings (depth of periodontal pocket and loss of alveolar bone by X-ray photos) and histopathological findings (Listgerten & Ellegaard's classification).
The following results were obtained;
1. No significant correlations were found between histamine contents in gingival tissue and following clinical findings; depth of periodontal pocket and loss of alveolar bone.
2. In the group of patients that were examined on the basis of clinical findings and X-ray photos, the histamine contents in gingival tissue had tendency to increase with the progression of periodontal disease.
3. As the histopathological findings, the histamine contents were markedly with the degree of inflammatory cellular infilitration and the number of mast cell.
It is concluded from these result that the histamine contents in gingival tissue are closely related to the process of periodontal disease and the degree of inflammatory cellular infilitration.

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The effects of scaling and brushing-instruction on the variation of lysozyme activity in the exudate of periodontal pockets and clinical findings such as gingival index, debris-index score, pocket depth (mm) and quantity of exudate in the patients with periodontal disease was investigated at weekly intervals for a month.
The following results were obtained:
1. The gingival index, debris-index score, pocket depth and quantity of exudate were more significantly decreased by scaling+brushing-instruction than only by scaling to treated patients.
2. The lysozyme activity in the exudate of periodontal pockets was more significantly decreased by scaling+brushing-instruction than by scaling to treated patients.
3. The lysozyme activity in the exudate of pkriodontal pockets was not found to have difference between the maxilla and mandibula.

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Purpose of this study was to know the effect of natural and synthetic bristle toothbrushes on plaque removal.
Two kinds of natural toothbrushes (animal bristle and pig bristle) and two kinds of synthetic toothbrushes (nylon bristle and rubber) were evaluated using Scrub brushing method. Twelve adults, 6 patients and 6 dentists, 6 males and 6 females, aged 19 to 42, volunteered for this study.
Plaque score was calculated with the modified Volpe's method which Suzuki et al. reported before. Facial and lingual tooth surfaces of the six representative teeth (6/41|14/6) were scored, after disclosing the plaque with a 0.5% basic fuchsin.
The average percentage of plaque removal on facial and lingual tooth surfaces were as follows.
(1) 59.6±16.1% (nylon bristle) (2) 42.3±13.2% (pig bristle)
(3) 39.8±14.7% (rubber) (4) 39.5±13.3% (animal bristle)
There was a statistically significance at the 5 percent level of confidence between nylon bristle brush and the other three brushes.
A similar trend was recognized on labial, lingual, medial and papillary tooth surfaces independently.
The scores after brushing were evaluated, also.
(The materials of animal bristles are of horse and badger hair.)

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The double blind test was performed to know the inhibitory effect for dental plaque and the clinical side effects of Plak-Out. Eighteen adults with healthy natural dentition, aged 22 to 27, were served as the subjects of this study.
Scoring of plaque was restricted to six teeth (6/41|14/6). On each tooth, dental plaque was stained with 0.5% basic fuchsin and the height of plaque for gingival margin was measured. At the beginning of the study, these teeth were polished, and the use of oral hygiene device was stopped for 3 days. Plak-Out or Placebo was administered once a day for 3 days. Just before the administration, the accmulation of dental plaque was measured, and the clinical condition of whole mouth was observed. After four days, subjects were rediveded into two groups, and same procedures were performed. The subjects were applied Plak-Out or Placebe twice a day after ordinary tooth brushing and then the clinical side effects were observed every for three weeks.
The results of this study were as follows:
1) Plak-Out-liquid inhibited plaque accumulation than placebo statistically.
2) Plak-Out-gel resulted in lower mean plaque scores than did the placebo-gel, but statistical differences (P<0.05) were found on the buccal surface and total accumulated plaque at 1st day.
3) The discolouration of teeth occured in a few subjects, but no clinical side effect on the oral mucosa were found during the period of this study.

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In vitro study was made of sealing effects of periodontal dressing materials (Septo-pack, COE-pak [Hard & Fast set]).
Glass tubes containing experimental materials were put in methylene blue solution (1.0%) at a definite temperature.
The results obtained were as follows:
1. Septo-pack and COE-pak [Hard & Fast set] showed good results in methylene blue solution test and sealing ability against water.
2. All in five cases of Septo-pack and COE-pak [Hard & Fast set] showed not a tendency to expansion.

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In vitro studies were made of physico-chemical properties effects of periodontal dressing materials (Septo-pack, COE-pak [Hard & Fast set]).
The examination included: 1. Absorption test, 2. Solubility test, 3. Consistency test, 4. Pigmentation test, 5. Temperature test, and 6. pH.
The results obtained were as follows:
1. Absorption test:
Septo-pack showed less degree of absorption day by day.
Both COE-pak [Hard & Fast set] and COE-pak showed almost the same in absorption test.
2. Solubility test:
In the ratio of solubility, Septo-pack showed about a quarter of Peripac.
Both COE-pak [Hard & Fast set] and COE-pak showed almost the same in solubility test.
3. Consistency test:
Consistency of Septo-pack after immediately mixing was similar to that of Peripac mixing after five minutes.
COE-pak [Hard & Fast set] showed a less degree than COE-pak.
4. Pigmentation test:
Septo-pack showed similar to Peripac, and COE-pak [Hard & Fast set] showed similar to COE-pak.
5. Temperature test:
Septo-pack showed 1-2°C less than Peripac.
COE-pak [Hard & Fast set] showed 1-2°C higher than COE-pak.
6. Change of pH:
Septo-pack was either acidic or neutral.
COE-pak [Hard & Fast set] shifted to alkalinity.

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