RABINOWITZ et al., YAMAGUCHI and MURAI reported on tri-glycerid in human serum and gingiva. So far as the author knows, there have been no reports on it in gingival fluid.
Therefore, in the present study, the author investigated the identification of it in human serum, gingiva and gingival fluid, and the measurement of content of it in them, that occurred in association with the progress of chronic marginal periodontitis.
A study material consisted of 76 males and 80 females, ranging from 19 to 72 in age, who were diagnosed as the periodontitis in the department of periodontics, Nihon University Dental Hospital. And it was concluced from carefully clinical examination that each patient was free from disease except the periodontitis.
Lipids in human serum, gingiva and gingival fluid were extracted by the method (FOLCH et al's, 1957), evaporated and isolated by the use of thin-layer chromatography. The amount of tri-glycerid in them was determined by the enzyme method-the end point method (reagents: BOEHRINGER MANNHEIM) using the ultra-violet absorption spectrophotometry.
When examined in different degrees of chronic marginal periodontitis (P→M→A), the author, as a result, obtained some findings as follows:
1. The values of tri-glycerid in human serum revealed a tendancy of increase in consequence of the disease.
2. The level of tri-glycerid in human gingiva was observed to decrease in proportion to the aggravation of the disease. In other words, the difference between Group Normal and Group P, and Group M, and Group A was statistically highly significant (P<0.01). The difference between Group P and Group M was statistically significant (P<0.05). And the difference between Group P and Group A, Group M and Group A was statistically highly significant (P<0.01).
3. The existence of tri-glycerid was identified in human gingival fluid.
4. The level of tri-glycerid in human gingival fluid was observed to increase in proportion to the aggravation of the disease. That is, each difference among Group P, Group M and Group A was statistically highly

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The present study has been performed to elucidate the mechanism of fibrinolysis of the crevicular epithelium in marginal periodontitis, on the gingival tissues including crevicular wall from the operated materials, pocket contents, and cultivated oral bacteria. For this purpose, fibrinolysis autography by Todd, Gram-Weigert staining for fibrin and bacteria, and control procedures by inhibitors and other factors were applied. The following results were obtained:
1. In marginal periodontitis, fibrinolysis was observed in the crevicular epithelium in 100 per cent. However, there was no distinct correlation between fibrinolysis of the crevicular epithelium and perivascular fibrinolysis in subepithelial inflammatory focus of the crevicular wall.
2. The fibrinolysis was found almost invariably in some part of all bacterial plaques examined, but not always in desquamated epithelial cells, polymorph nucleated leucocytes and macrophages.
3. The fibrinolysis was not induced by cultivated Streptococci Group A and C alone which produce streptokinase, and by cultivated Bacteroides melaninogenicus alone which elavorates some kinase like streptokinase.
4. Basing on these findings, it was concluded that the fibrinolysis of the crevicular epithelium has some relation with bacterial plaque in the pocket, but cannot be attributed to oral bacteria alone.
5. The following possibility was discussed that the streptokinase from the bacterial plaque can combine with plasminogen present in pocket exsudate leading to production of a streptokinase-plasminogen complex, a potent activator and then the latter plays an important role in mechanism of the fibrinolysis of the crevicular epithelium in marginal periodontitis.
6. Additionally, it was presumed that the plasmin activated from the plasminogen in the pocket also contributes to produce kinin and cloven products from the third component of complement, resulting in increased vascular permeability and chronic exudative inflammation in marginal periodontitis.

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The aim of this study was to observe whether the lysosomal enzymes from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes were capable of destroying periodontal tissue in vivo, when the enzymes were applied into the rabbit gingival sulcus.
Human leukocytes were prepared by sedimentation of heparinized blood. A granule fraction was extracted from homogenate of leukocytes by centrifugation. The granule extract was obtained by freezing and thawing and subsequent centrifugation. A neutral protease of the granule extract was partially purified by a gel chromatography. From the result of biochemical analysis, it was found that the neutral protease fraction exhibited both proteolytic and elastolytic activities. The optimum pH of the neutral protease was approximately 8.3-8.9 with regard to its proteolytic activity. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated as 25, 000±3, 000 by a gel chromatography.
All rabbits were given the drinking water containing 0.05% tetracycline hydrochloride for two weeks prior to the experiment to decrease the microorganisms in the crevices. Labial crevices of mandibular incisors of rabbits were used as experimental sites. The strips of filter papar were inserted into those crevices, then the granule extract and the neutral protease were dropped on the filter papar every ten minutes for six hours by tubercline syringe. Saline solution and the heat-inactivated enzymes were used as controls.
Histological findings at experimental sites showed the ulceration of sulcular epithelium and inflammatory exudation in lamina propria. Leukocytic infiltrations into the epithelium were also observed especially at the site where the granule extract was applied. The connective tissue was slightly damaged in the neighborhood of the inflammatory cells at the experimental sites. Inflammatory alterations were hardly found at the three comparable regions of the control sites. The possibility of the direct or indirect destructive effects of lysosomal enzymes on periodontal tissues was indicated by this study.

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β-Glucuronidase (EC 3.2.1.31β-G), β-Acetylgalactosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.30.β-AG) and Acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2AP) activities in whole saliva collected from patients with periodontal disease (patient group) and clinically healthy subjects (normal group) were measured by fluorometric assay, and were compared with some clinical findings (OHI-S, PMA-I, pocket depth and bone loss).
The following results were obtained;
1. β-G, β-AG and AP activities of patient group without Triton X-100 (TX) were 7.4, 13 and 3.6 times higher than those of normal group, and these enzyme activities of patient group with TX were 7.6, 15 and 4.6 times higher than those of normal group, respectively.
2. β-AG and AP activities with TX were average 2 and 21% higher than the ones without TX in normal group and also average 14 and 53% higher in patient group, respectively. However, β-G activity with TX was lower than the one without TX in both groups.
3. There were obsrerved significant correlations between each of these enzyme activities and some clinical findings, ie., pocket depth and bone loss (P<0.01-0.05).

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The present study was undertaken to know the relationship between the contents of inorganic substances in whole saliva and calculus formation, and between flow rate of whole saliva and calculus formation.
Forty eight male and eighty one female patients whose ages were from 20 to 63 were examined in the present study. The patients were divided into four groups according to the extent of calculus deposition in supragingiva, using the Volpe's method (1965).
Calcium and magnesium contents in unstimulated whole saliva were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer, and phosphorus contents, by Eastoe's method (1965). Flow rate of whole saliva per one minute was measured.
The content rate of calcium was significantly higher in heavy calculus formers than light calculus formers. There were no significant differences in phosphorus, magnesium and flow rate between heavy calculus formers and light calculus formers.
Further, in the present study, the relationship between the contents of inorganic substances in whole saliva and caries susceptibility, and between calculus formation and caries susceptibility were examined. Flow rate of whole saliva per one minute was measured.
The content rate of magnesium in whole saliva was significantly higher in caries-active patients than in caries-free patients. But there were no significant differences in calcium, phosphorus and flow rate between caries-active patients and caries-free patients. The heavy calculus formers showed the tendency to have fewer caries.

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Cathepsin D and elastase activiies in gingival fluid and in saliva collected from patients with periodontal disease were measured using acid denatured hemoglebin and N-Succinyl-L-alanyl-L-alanyl-L-alanine-p-nitroanilide and compared with the clinical fiindings such as PMA-index and pocket depth. Acid phosphatase activity, fluid weight, quantity of protein in fluid and occult blood in saliva were also measured.
Stastically signifcant correlations were found between these protease activities and PMA-index, as well as pocket depth. These protease activities in gingival fluid and in saliva were also correlated.
The activities of cathepsin D and elastase were seemed to reflect the degree of periodontal disease as well as acid phosphatase activity.

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Cells of the junctional epithelium (JE) of rat molar gingiva were investigated for ultracytochemical demonstration of acid phosphatase (ACPase). Enzymatic activity was greatest in the intermediate zone of JE and localized in elements of the Golgi complex and a variety of lysosomal structures. Numerous primary lysosomes were revealed in the basal to intermediate cells, whereas secondary lysosomes (hetero-and autolysosomes) increased toward the coronal direction of JE. ACPase-positive lysosomes were often found in close proximity to or fused with the cytoplasmic vacuoles which were characteristically abundant in JE cells. Reaction product for ACPase was also demonstrated in some of these vacuoles. These observations strongly suggest that the vacuoles represent the heterophagosomes endocytizing the intercellular materials, and they constitute the “vacuolar” or endocytic-lysosomal system which might play an important role for defense mechanism by JE cells and presumably for catabolic processes in these cells, as well.

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The purpose of this paper is to detect antibodies to collagen in sera of patients with periodontal disease by passive haemagglutination,
Human gingival acid soluble collagen and bovine skin acid soluble collagen were used as antigens.
Determination of anticollagen antibody titers in human sera was carried out on 10 clinical healthy subjects ranging from 23 to 27 years of age and in 57 patients with periodontal disease ranging from 16 to 69 years of age. The correlation between anti-collagen antibody titers and a few indices of periodontal disease was discussed to estimate antibody titers as an index of periodontal tissue destruction.
The following results were obtained.
1. Human gingival acid soluble collagen was found to have antigenicity.
2. Bovine skin acid soluble collagen was found to have antigenicity, too. And antiserum to bovine collagen had cross reaction to human gingival collagen.
3. Antibodies to human gingival collagen were not detected in any sera of 10 clinical healthy subjects, but in 6 sera of 57 patients. But no significant correlation was found between antibody titers and clinical indices, i.e. Gingival-Bone count, salivary leucocyte count and total hydroxyproline levels in sera.
4. Antibodies to bovine skin collagen were detected in 37 sera of 57 patients and in 4 sera of 10 clinical healthy subjects. But no significant correlation was found between antibody titers and clinical indices, i.e. Gingival-Bone count, salivary leucocyte count and total hydroxyproline levels in sera.

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In an attempt to determine how the degree of roughness of the polished dentin planes would be affected by several factors under root planing, morphological studies were made scanning-electoronmicroscopically.
The results obtained were as follows:
1) Under hand scaling, the folds were observed on the dentin surface followed by 2 strokes of all aplied forces and instrumental angles.
2) The folds were smooth increasing with the strokes, but were gradually observed that the depth of defect was larger under the line-spot technique.
3) On the roughness of the tooth surface under two types of ultrasonic sealers; in CAVITON, the particles of an indeterminate form were observed, on the other hand, many craters were observed in ODONTOSON.

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This study was designed to investigate the effects of the periodontal dressing containing 2% sodium fluoride (NaF dressing) on patients with dentin hypersensitivity following periodontal surgery, and on the experimentally exposed dentin of dogs, respectively.
The results were as follows.
1) The NaF dressing was significantly more effective in relieving the incidence and severity of dentin hypersensitivity in patients who had undergone periodontal surgery.
2) The NaF dressing was applied to dog dentins which were exposed fleshly. The teeth were extracted after 4 weeks and processed for microradiography, electron microscopy and selected-area electron diffraction. Microradiographs showed that the surface of exposed dentin was hypermineralized.
Dentinal tubules of this layer were partly or completely obtulated with the calcified materials and/or the various shaped mineral cristals. It was shown that these calcified materials and cristals had apatite structure similar to the hydroxyapatite of dentin by selected-area diffraction.
It was concluded from these results that the NaF dressing enhanced the calcification on the surface of exposed dentins and the obturation of dentinal tubules, and resulted in the reduction of dentin permeability and the blockage of the stimulation from dentin surface to the pulp.

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The deposit around the root surface plays a major role in the etiology of the periodontal disease. Therefore the scaling and the root planing are indispensable for the treatment of this disease. For a training scheme of the beginner, we developed a model of a dental arch that had artificial calculus around the roots of the resin teeth. Powdered metal, made by filing of the cored solder, was cemented to the resin teeth by cyanoacrylic bonding agent (Aron alpha A “Sankyo”). The silicon impression material (Exaflex, GC Dental Mfg. Co.) was adopted as the artificial gingiva.
The model was attached to the mannequin with artificial cheeks and served for the training. The area of artificial calculus before and after the scaling was measured and the residual rate of the artificial calculus was calculated. The rate of roughness of the gingiva and of the root surfaces were also evaluated. Most of the operator who showed smaller residual rate had tendency to produce rougher gingiva. But a few showed the smallest residual rate with minor periodontal damage.
This model was useful for the training scheme.

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In spite of the well-known facts that trauma from occlusion is one of the most important factor to destroy periodontal tissue, only a few studies regarding the force itself which was added to the tooth surface of individual tooth have been carried out. It seems very important to know the occlusal tooth contact area and the degree of occlusal force.
A new method was designed to measure the occlusal contact area on each tooth and the degree of pressure which was added to each contact area on one tooth. Both occlusal areas and the pressure on any one of occlusal contact areas were measured by using occlusal paper, 200μthickness, called “Prescale” by Fuji Photo Film Corporation.
Prescale consists of two paper-seats and numerous microcapsules containing a red dye between the paper-seats. When the teeth are brought into occlusion, these microcapsules rapture and discharge the dye staining one of the papers red. The density of the color is in proportion to the degree of pressure added.
Tooth contact areas in occlusion recorded on “Prescale” were enlarged by a projector and measured by dental area analyzer.
The density of the color was measured with a densitometer after enlarging the colored area under a microscope. This densitometer was improved to measure the density of color limited to an area of diameter less than 1mm. As a sensor of this densitometer, CdS photo cell was used.
To study the reproducibility of this method, a study model which teeth are made of metal was used. This study model was fixed on a articulator. Standarized force was added to the articulator ten times.
Both occlusal contact area and the pressure added to the same contact area showed almost the same value. From the results obtained, this method basically seems to be a simple and feasible technique for measuring occlusal contact area and the pressure of small contact areas in occlusal surface. Then clinical appliance using few patients was performed. But the reproducibility could not be obtained. It is thought that this result was caused by the thickness of Prescale and that the paper must be improved.

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