In the present study the localizations of immunoglobulins (Ig) and lymphocytes (Ly) were investigated in the initial, early and established lesions of gingivitis experimentally induced in dogs by fluorescent antibody techniques.
After the bimaxillary premolars were brushed twice a day for three months to obtain a clinically healthy gingiva, the experimental gingivitis was induced by accumulation of plaque following ligature with floss silk. Antisera against dog IgG, IgA, IgM, T cell and B cell raised in rabbits were conjugated with FITC. Histological and immunofluorescent investigations were made on the gingival biopsy specimens obtained at O day, one week, one month and three months after the start of plaque accumulation.
The following findings were obtained:
In a clinically healthy gingiva, faint staining for Ig was observed in the connective tissue (CT) adjacent to the sulcular epithelium (SE). At one week, Ig was obviously observed in the SE and perivascular areas in the CT. A number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and a few T cells were noticed in the CT adjacent to the SE. With progress of the inflammation, T cells were infiltrated in the marginal and sulcular regions, where Ig was stained in fine granules. At three months, B cells and plasma cells were detected mainly in the CT.

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The purpose of this investigation was to find out the relationship between volatile sulphur compounds in incubated whole saliva and that in mouth air, and between the former and cellular elements in whole saliva in periodontal patients.
The subjects were divided into the following three groups based on clinical findings and intensity of odour measured by olfactory panel of trained judges; the periodontal patients with halitosis (P-H group), the periodontal patients without halitosis (P-N group) and the normal subjects (N group)
The test samples used this investigation were unstimulated whole saliva and that were incubated at 37°C.
The amount of valatile sulphur compounds produced from incubated whole saliva and that in mouth air were measured by gas chromatograph equipped with flame photometric detector, while the number of leucocytes and epithelial cells in whole saliva were counted by Klinkhamer's technique.
The degradation of leucocytes and epithelial cells in incubated whole saliva were observed using smear speciments staind with hematoxylin and eosin.
Results were as follows
1. The average number of leucocytes in whole saliva were 11764/cmm in P-H group, 3085/cmm in P-N group and 434/cmm in N group. Obvious differences were observed among three groups. The average number of epithelial cells in whole saliva were 1381/cmm in P-H group, 1157/cmm in P-N group and 310/cmm in N group. There were no differences between P-H group and P-N group.
2. The methyl mercaptan produced from incubated whole saliva in P-H group was detected earlier in time and largier in quantity than other two groups.
3. In P-H group, obvious correlation was observed between number of leucocytes in whole saliva and methyl mercaptan contents in mouth air, however, no correlation was observed between number of epithelial cells in whole saliva and methyl mercaptan contents in mouth air. In all subjects, obvious correlation was observed between number of leucocytes and the highest value of methyl mercaptan contents produced incubated whole saliva, however, no correlation was observed between number of epithelial cells and the highest value of methyl mercaptan contents produced incubated whole saliva.
4. Number of leucocytes in whole saliva were observed high correlation with gingival score, bleeding, discharge of pus and pocket depth, but no correlation between plaque score.
5. Leucocytes in incubated whole saliva degraded rapid and they were almostly not observed in 4 hours after incubation, however, degradation of epithelial cells were observed about 8 hours after incubation.

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This investigation was made on the process of destruction of the periodontal tissues as the result of impacting of food particles into the interproximal space by masticatory force. The experiment performed on 98 male Wistar strain rats was done by grinding off a part of the adjacent marginal ridges between the upper bilateral 1st (M₁) and 2nd molars (M₂), and inducing the impaction of food particles in the interproximal spaces. Histopathologically, the initial responses in the periodontal tissues were seen at 3 hours after the beginning of the experiment, then the changes turned to acute exacerbation with time. These changes, however, gradually decreased and became more chronic after 2 to 3 weeks. In this stage, it has been observed that the periodontal tissues have a tendency to repair partially.
The result will be described as follows:
1. From 3 to 6 hours, after the experimental procedure, the gingiva was observed to become pressed apically.
2. From 12 to 24 hours, destruction of the epithelium, the lamina propria and a part of the alveolar bone by pressure and impingement of food particles were observed.
3. From 3 to 7 days, the deep pocket formation and the severe destruction of the periodontal tissues were observed between M₁ and M₂.
4. From 2 to 3 weeks, there appeared gradual slowing down of the inflammatory changes in the periodontal tissues immediately below the impacted area.
5. In the interradicular septum, the periodontal tissues were intact until one day afer the food impaction.
6. From 3 to 5 days, however, there appeared inflammatory changes in the interradicular periodontal tissues and a partial bony resorption.
7. At 7 days, most cases showed abscess formation at the bifurcation.
8. At 3 weeks, in the interradicular septum the epithelium migrated deeply in the periodontal tissues and inflammatory cells circumscribed.

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Correlations between changes in the structure of the gingival surface and those in the gingival tissues were investigated with samples obtained from 50 out-patients of Tokyo Dental College Infirmary by the use of an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope, with results as follows:
1. There were microridge or pitted structure on the superficial layer of the gingiva. In the marginal gingiva microridge was observed and in the attached gingiva pitted structure was observed.
2. With the expansion of inflammatory changes in the lamina propria the gingival surface showed expansion of the microridged area and greater variation in the shape of the microridge.
3. By the scanning electron-microscopic observation it was clarified that the stippling is a gathering of depressions.
4. Scanning electron-microscopically the depressions in a stippling were morphologically classified into the fissure type and the round type and the latter was subdivided into the hollow type, bulging type and flat type.
5. An optical microscopically common structure was observed in the layer of epithelial cells immediately below the depression.
1) There were epithelial processes in the layer of epithelial cells immediately below the depression.
2) The degree of cornification in the superficial layer of the epithelial cells at the floor of the depression was lower than those in the surrounding tissues.
3) There were peculiar epithelial cells in the stratum spinosum in the epithelial process immediately below the depression.
6. The surface of the gingiva affected by inflammation also manifested depressions. Below the depression a tissue structure common to all depressions was observed by the optical microscope.

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In this study, time-dependent change of whole human salivary viscosity and sialic acid content were investigated. Whole saliva samples were obtained from seven clinically healthy human males (aged 24 to 34 years) without any mouth cleaning for two days (48 hours). The saliva before and after 5min-brushing was collected between meals and immediately cooled down to below 0°C. The following tests were immediately for a part of the saliva and after 1, 2, 4, 6 hours of incubation period (37°C) for the rest of the saliva. The viscosity in Centipoises (c. p.) was measured at 37°C using model ELD cone-plate viscometer, with a shear rate of 76.80sec^-1. Sialic acid was measured by the thiobarbituric acid assay using sialic acid as standard.
The following results were obtained:
1. Both salivary viscosity and sialic acid content showed a time-dependent decrease during incubation at 37°C. A more rapid decrease of both measures was observed in the saliva collected before brushing.
2. There was no significant difference in the decrement of salivary viscosity between both groups within 2 hours. But a more rapid decrease was found in the saliva collected before brushing after 6 hours of incubation period.
3. There were obtained statistically significant differences in the total and bound sialic acid content between the saliva before and after brushing at every time interval.
4. A statistically significant difference was found in the free sialic acid content between the two groups only immediately after collection of saliva.
5. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between the salivary viscosity and the bound sialic acid content only immediately after collection.
6. Neither a decrease of salivary viscosity nor a degradation of bound sialic acid were obtained in sterilized whole saliva even after 6 hours incubation using the same assay condition.
It was concluded that sialic acid degradation are closely related to the decrease in viscosity and presumably these phenomena are caused by salivary neuraminidase and aldolase activity.

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The kinins, a group of biologically active polypeptides, are generally considered as important chemical mediators in the inflammatory process. However, the role of these mediators in periodontal disease still remains unknown.
To make these points clear, the present study was performed to measure kallikrein and bradykininase activities in whole saliva from patients with periodontal desease, and to correlate these data with various clinical conditions such as GI-score, OHI-score, Pocket depth and Bone loss score.
The kallikrein activity in the samples was measured by colorimetric method of Moriya et al. and fluorometric method of Matsuda et al., Both methods were compared to find out the better way for the mesurement of kallikrein activity.
The bradykininase activity in the samples was assayed by the biological method of Takeya et al., The enzyme activity was expressed as the percentage of inactivation of bradykinin.
The following results were obtained:
1. Kallikrein was measured in the range from 10 to 40μg/ml by colorimetric method, however, much lower amount of kallikrein, 0.5 to 12μg/ml, could be detected by fluorometric method.
2. Statistically significant positive correlations were found between kallikrein activity and all the clinical conditions examined (p<0.001).
3. Statistically significant negative correlations were obtaind between bradykininase activity and all the clinical conditions examined (-p<0.001), and also between kallikrein activity and bradykininase activity (-p<0.001).
4. The kallikrein activities in the saliva increased following the progress of periodontal disease, but the bradykininase activities remarkably decreased.

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Mammalian collagenase, dipeptidylpeptidase IV (DP IV), and cathepsin D activities in gingival fluid and whole saliva from patients with periodontal disease (disease group) and clinically healthy subjects (normal group) were measured. The relationships between these activities and clinical conditions, such as GI-score, DI-score, CI-score, pocket depth and bone loss score, were studied.
The following results were obtained:
1. In gingival fluid, total collagenase (the activities obtained from the activation of samples by 4-aminophenylmercuricacetate), DP IV and cathepsin D activities in disease group were statistically higher than those in normal group. Active type collagenase activity in gingival fluid from disease group was slightly higher than that in normal group with the average value, but did not show the significant difference.
2. Statistically significant correlations were found between total collagenase or activite type collagenase activity in gingival fluid and clinical conditions, such as GI-score (p<0.05), pocket depth (p<0.01) and bone loss (p<0.05).
3. Statistically significant correlations were found between DP IV activity in gingival fluid and clinical conditions, such as bone loss (p<0.05) and pocket depth (p<0.01).
4. Statistically significant correlations were found between cathepsin D activity in gingival fluid and clinical conditions, such as GI-score (p<0.01), pocket depth (p<0.01) and bone loss (p<0.01).
5. Statistically significant correlation was found between DP IV activity and cathepsin D activity in gingival fluid (p<0.01).
6. Total collagenase, active type collagenase, DP IV and cathepsin D activities in whole saliva from diseases group were statistically heigher than those in normal group. However, there were no correlation between these protease activities and clinical conditions.
7. Statistically significant correlation was found between total collagenase activity in gingival fluid and that in whole saliva (p<0.01).

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The aim of this experiments was to detect the activity of UDP-glucose dehydrogenase and β-glucuronidase and investigate its dynamics in the development of experimental marginal periodontitis in the dogs.
Marginal periodontitis was induced with silk ligatures placed around the 1st molar and 4th premolar at the left jaw bellow the gingival margin. The right jaw was kept clean without ligatures as a control. On day 1 and 2 after ligatures, marked signs of acute gingival inflammation developed. On day 14, marginal periodontitis developed.
UDP-glucose dehydrogenase activity was detected by the method described by Strominger et al. and β-glucuronidase activity was detected by the method described by Fishman.
The UDP-glucose dehydrogenase and β-glucuronidase activities were detected in the gingival tissue of the dogs which developed in gingivitis and periodontitis experimentally with silk ligature and compared with the histopathological findings.
β-glucuronidase activity increased gradually as gingivitis developed and reached the maximum on day 10 after ligature. The activity was approximate 1.6 relative to that in the healthy gingiva.
UDP-glucose dehydrogenase activity decreased on day 1 and 2 after ligature, but reached the maximum on day 10 after ligature. The activity was approximate 2.4 times as much as that in the healthy gingiva. These findings suggested that UDP-glucose dehydrogenase and β-glucuronidase might play an important role in gingival glycosaminoglycan metabolism in the development of gingivitis and periodontitis in dogs.

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The cathepsin D activities in gingival fluids and sera from clinical healthy subjects were measured by both Anson's (1938) and Schwabe's method (1973). Comparative study of both methods was performed to find out better way for measurement of cathepsin D activity.
The following results were obtained;
1) By Anson's method, cathepsin D activities could be detected with only 3 samples of 5 gingival fluids, however, all 5 samples were measured sufficiently by Schwabe's method.
The activities could be measured with all sera by either methods.
2) Cathepsin D activity measured by Schwabe's method showed 5 and 3.3 times higher than those by Anson's method with average value in gingival fluids and sera, respectively.
3) Substrate concentration and incubation time applied for Schwabe's method were found enough to be 1/16 and 1/5 respectively compare with those for Anson's method.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the secretory IgA (S-IgA) in human serum and in gingival tissue and to compare their concentrations with clinical findings. The subjects consisted of 8 male and 15 female patients. Some of specimes were stained to observe the location of S-IgA by fluorescein antibody method.
Before periodontal surgery, the serum was obtained and clinical fndings such as Gingival Index, pocket depth and Plaque Index were recorded. The gingival tissues were obtained during periodontal surgery. To extract S-IgA, the gingival tissue was eluted by phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and glycine hydrochloride buffer (GHB).
The results were as follows:
1. The concentration of S-IgA in human serum was 0.213mg/dl.
2. The concentration of S-IgA in gingival tissue extracted by PBS was 31.4μg/g Dry Gingival Weight.
3. The concentration of S-IgA in gingival tissue obtained by GHB was 4.98μg/g Dry Gingival Weight.
4. The S-IgA/albumine ratio in gingival extract by PBS was higher than that in serum (p<0.01).
5. The concentration of S-IgA in human serum and in gingival extract had no significant correlation with clinical findings.
6. S-IgA was detected immunohistologically in the rumen of blood vessel, at the periphery of the vessels and on the surface of gingival epithelium.

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Some physical, chemical and biological properties of the periodontal dressing materials with eugenol and without eugenol had been previously reported. Especially, it was considered that the adaptability of the periodontal dressing to the wound surface is an important factor by various investigation. The purpose of this study was measured to compare the dimensional change of commercially available periodontal dressing materials (Surgical pack [SHOWA], Neodyne pack, Periodontal pack, Cello pack, Peripac, COE-pak). After mixing, each paste on glass board was immediately depressed placing a weight on glass board. The expansion of specimens were measured immediately after preparation, and soaked in distilled water at 37±0.5°C. Measurements were made at 30 minutes, 1, 2, 3, 4 hours, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 days after.
The results obtained were as follows:
1. All dressing materials (Surgical pack [SHOWA], Neodyne pack, Periodontal pack, Cello pack, Peripac, COE-pak) showed contractively from immediately of preparation to 4-hour.
2. Five dressing materials showed contractively to experimental period. The order of contraction obtained was COE-pak, Periodontal pack, Cello pack, Surgical pack [SHOWA] and Neodyne pack.
3. The expansion of Peripac continued from 4-hour to 10-day.

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The toothbrushing pressures applied to the tooth surfaces through toothbrushes during toothbrushing procedures were determined by means of a specifically designed micro transducer.
Five different kinds of toothbrushng methods (Scrubbing, Roll, Fones, Horizontal, and Vertical) were carried out with four different toothbrushes (Py-co-Pay softex 3 with 0.15mm. nylon bristle in diameter, Perio-S with 0.23mm. nylon bristle, Perio-M with 0.33mm. nylon bristle, and Perio-H with 0.40mm.). This study was completed by 22 subjects, 14 males and 8 females.
These subjects were consisted of dental students, dental hygienists and dental staffs of school of Periodontics and Endodontics. A micro transducer was set in a temporary resin crown to measure the brushing pressures exerted on the buccal tooth surfaces of the upper first molars. Before measuring the toothbrushing pressures applied to the human tooth surfaces, the buccal tooth surfaces of the maxillary right first molars of the plastic jaw model were brushed and then the toothbrushing pressures were determined.
A comparative study of the toothbrushing pressures obtained by a micro transducer and the toothbrushing forces gained by a straingauge were performed in this case also.
The results varied with the toothbrushing methods and the toothbrushes. The results of this study were as follows.
(1) Significantly greater mean maximum pressures were obtained during every toothbrushing procedure except Roll method as increasing a diameter of toothbrush bristle.
(2) The toothbrushing pressures of Scrubbing method and Horizontal method were significantly greater than the other toothbrushing methods.
(3) The toothbrushing pressures obtained by a transducer had a general tendency of a greater variation as compared to the toothbrushing forces gained by a straingauge.

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The increased radiopacity of localized areas relating to the dental disease are often encountered in dental roentgenogram. Condensing osteitis is the representative lesion of this kind of radiopaque area.
There are several indications suggesting the presence of condensing osteitis caused by the periodontal disease, however, there is no controlled study supporting the scientific evidences of this suggestion.
Full mouth dental X-ray films taken from 408 subjects (male 155 & female 253) between the age of 13-76 comprised the material. Condensing osteitis was classified according to the possible etiologic factors. Condensing osteitis was found in 25.7% of the subjects examined. The incidense of condensing osteitis seems to increase as the age become higher. Condensing osteitis was most frequently observed at the mandibular molar area regardless of their etiologic factors. Surprisingly high rate of emergence (34.9%) was observed for the condensing osteitis caused by periodontal disease, on the other hand, the condensing osteitis related to periapical lesion occupied 33.9% of all condensing osteitis. The sujects with condensing osteitis caused by periodontal disease have found to show high alveolar Bone Count indicating higher alveolar bone destruction.

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Toothbrushing plays a central role of maintaining a periodontal health. The purpose of the present study is to examine the dimensional changes in diameter of the filaments taken from different locations of toothbrush after the use of given period of weeks (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks), comparing the effect of brushing methods and the use of dentifrice. Surface charactereistics were also assessed through the staining the filaments by basic fuchsin and through the observation by scanning electron micrography and by rnicroradiography.
At the 0.3mm from the free end of the filaments taken from the outermost row, the decrease in diameter did not differ between toothbrushing methods. However, at the 0.3mm point taken from the inner tufts, the decrease of diameter was significantly greater for the filaments taken from the toothbrush performed by scrub toothbrushing method than that performed by roll method. This result indicates the principal location of the working point would be at the end of the filament in scrub toothbrushing method.
Scanning electron micrographic study revealed that the use of dentifrice afford long and deep scraches on the surface resulting in the rapid worn out of the filament. On the surface of the used filaments, some radiopaque deposits were observed on the microradiogram. The mechanisms of this deposition was not clear.

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The aim of this study was to investigate on the effect of chemical plaque control and it's side effect from applying 0.2% aqueous chlorhexidine gluconate solution for the post-operative mouth-wash.
Subjects were 876 sites from 32 individuals as an experimental group and 724 sites from 29 individuals as a control group.
The results were obtained as follows;
1. Observation on volume of plaque attachment
(1) The experimental group (0.2% CH) had statistically significant plaque control effect to the control group.
(2) Comparsion between two groups was apparent to the average indices either from 0.07 in the experimental group or from 0.59 in the control group.
(3) Significant effect on the experimental group was observed from any sites involved in the mouth.
2. Observation on the side effect
(1) Apparent side effect was observed on discoloration of tongue, tooth, etc, in the experimental group.
(2) It was, however, observed most of all slight, a few of moderate, and none of severe degree.
From above obtained results, it is concluded that aqueous chlorhexidine gluconate solution is effective for short term application to patients as mouth-wash regimen immediately after periodontal surgery.
Further trial will be suggested by changing ratio of chlorhexidine gluconate for chemical plaque control program during periodontal dressing.

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This study was designed to investigate the effects of a 10% strontium chloride dentifrice on patients with dentin hypersensitivity following periodontal surgery. The data was obtained from a double blind clinical study which was specifically conducted to determine the desensitizing effect of a dentifrice containing 10 strontium chloride as compared to a placebo.
The results obtained were as follows.
1. The total pain score at first week after periodontal surgery increased about twice as much as that before surgery. Pain scores declined steadily in the group having strontium chloride therapy. At the seventh week after treatment (eighth week post-operatively) the pain score was reduced to be 0.64±0.12, which was much lower than the pre-operative level (1.20±0.14). The placebo group also showed an increase in pain scores at the first week after periodontal surgery, but hypersensitivity was not reduced until the fourth week post-operatively. And the pain scores at the eighth week after periodontal surgery were still above pre-operative levels.
2. The rate of a reduction of pain scores in experimental group was 26.8% in the first week. It was a significant reduction to pre-treatment level. At the seventh week after treatment (eighth week postoperatively) the pain score showed a 75.5% reduction. The placebo group showed only 34.2% reduction at the seventh week after treatment.
3. A 10% strontium chloride dentifrice was significantly more effective than a placebo dentifrice in relieving the incidence and severity of dentin hypersensitivity in patients who had undergone periodontal surgery.

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This study was observed about the attrition, gingival resession and coronal form toward the periodontal pocket on the 604 of older tooth above sixty two years old of the out patients in the dental clinic of Tokyo metropolitan gerontology center.
The following statistic results were obtained.
1. The attrition and gingival ression showed a definite relation.
2. On the progressive degree, the attrition showed 58.9% on 2nd degree, 29.8% on 3rd degree and 11.3 on 1st degree. This degree were graded according to the method proposed by Ono, et al.
3. The pocket development of older teeth was observed in case of sharped peak, marginal ridge in supraclusion and irregular contact surface than the marginal ridge are markedly worn.

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The patient was 36-years-old female whose chief complaint was marked gingivitis of maxillary anterior teeth include root exposure or lossing of teeth.
The treatment consisted of plaque control, curattage, occlusal adjustment and flap operation in order the mentioned above. But after flap operation, marginal area of 3-3 showed more root exposure.
On the esthetic view point or strongly complaint of patient, this case carried out in the removable type of temporary splint which is composed of proshetic gingiva on swing lock attachment.

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