The purpose of the present study was investigated to the effects of the high carbohydrate diet (Keyes No. 2000) and coprophagy on the periodontal tissues of the normal and alloxan diabetic rats. The experimental animals were divided into four groups of normal rats (A, B, C, D) and four groups of alloxan diabetic rats (a, b, c, d). A and a groups received a powder diet (a normal laboratory diet), B and b groups a high carbohydrate diet, C and c groups a powder diet+feces, and D and d groups a high carbohydrate diet+feces. The experimental animals were killed at intervals of 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 weeks, and the periodontal tissues between mandibular first and second molars of these animals were examined macroscopically and histpathologically. The results were as follows;
1. Normal rats (A, B, C and D groups).
During the entire experimental period, there were no apparent changes in the periodontal tissues of animals receiving a powder diet (A) or a high carbohydrate diet (B). At 3, 5 and 7 weeks, proliferation of the gingival epithelium and deposition of foreign materials in the gingival epithelium and connective tissue were observed in the periodontal tissues of animals receiving a powder diet+feces (C) or a high carbohydrate diet+feces (D). At 9 weeks, loss of the gingival epithelium and proliferation of the functional epithelium were observed in the periodontal tissues of animals receiving a powder diet+feces (C). In addition, at 7 and 9 weeks, a periodontal pocket formation was also observed in the animals receiving a high carbohydrate diet+feces (D). During the entire experimental period, however, the changes were not found in the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone of these grups (C and D).
2. Alloxan diabetic rats (a, b, c and d groups).
During the entire experimental period, there were no apparent changes in the periodontal tissues of animals receiving a powder diet (a) or a high carbohydrate diet (b). At 3 and 5 weeks, proliferation of the gingival epithelium and deposition of foreign materials in the gingival epithelium and connective tissue were observed in the periodontal tissues of animals receiving a powder diet+feces (c) or a high carbohydrate diet+feces (d). At 7 and 9 weeks, the destructive changes, such as a loss of gingival epithelium, ulceration, inflammatory cell infiltration in the connective tissue and alveolar bone resorption, were observed in the periodontal tissues of animals receiving a powder diet+feces (c). At 5, 7 and 9 weeks, the similar periodontal changes were also found in the animals receiving a high carbohydrate diet+feces (d). Moreover, at 9 weeks, severe hyaline degeneration of the gingival connective tissue and disorganization of the periodontal fibers were observed in this group (d).

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Fusobacterium was isolated from dental plaque with modified FM agar and cultured in BHI broth at 37°C for 48 hours anaerobically. After the cells were harvested with centrifugation, the cells were washed three times with saline solution and stored at -20°C.
The frozen cells of 100mg stored were suspended in 0.01M Tris-HCl buffer, pH7.6, 2.0ml, and disrupted by sonication at 9KHz for 40sec. This suspension was centrifuged for 10min at 15, 000×g, and supernatant was used as crude extract.
Since glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) catalyzes reversibly the interconversion of α-ketoglutarate and L-glutamate, the assay was performed for both forward and reverse reactions. The assay mixture of forward reaction was contained α-ketoglutarate 5mM, NH₄Cl 225mM, NADH 0.2mM, triethanolamine-HCl buffer, pH8.6, 50mM, and the crude extract in 0.4ml. The assay mixture of reverse reaction was contained L-glutamate 20mM, NAD 1.5mM, triethanolamine-HCl buffer, pH9.0, 50mM, and crude extract in 0.4ml. These assay mixtures were incubated for 30min at 37°C, and the enzyme activities were determined with the mesured amounts of NAD or NADH by fluorometric technique.
In the supernatant fraction, α-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase which used α-ketoglutarate for substrate may be contained, so that the supernatant fraction was partially purified by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. After DEAE-cellulose was equilibrated with 0.01M Tris-HCl buffer, pH7.6, the elution was performed by stepwise addition of several NaCl concentrations in the same buffer. High GDH activities were observed in the fractions of 0.07M NaCl eluate and α-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase activities were observed in those of 0.1M NaCl.
Therefore, the fractions of 0.07M NaCl eluate were used as sample for studying on some enzymatic properties. And following conclusions were obtained.
1. This enzyme was NAD-dependent GDH.
2. The optimal pH of this enzyme activities for forward reaction was 8.6, while for reverse reaction was 9.0.
3. The Km values of this enzyme for each substrate were 0.9mM for α-ketoglutaratae, 45.5mM for NH₄Cl, 0.067mM for NADH, 2.5mM for L-glutamate, and 0.3mM for NAD, respectively, and kinetic mechanism of this enzyme was “Ordered Ter Bi” type.
4. This enzyme activities were inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzonic acid and was completely recovered by glutathione. This inhibition was noncompetitive with α-ketoglutarate, NH₄Cl, and NADH.
5. This enzyme activities were also inhibited by divalent metal ions, Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, and Ni²⁺.
6. This enzyme retained 50% of its activities after heating at 75°C for 30min.
7. The insignificant effect of AMP, ADP, and ATP on this enzyme activities were observed.
8. Molecular weight of this enzyme by Sephadex G-150 gel-filtration was about 400, 000.

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The formation of periodontal pockets is generally accepted as one of the three symptoms of a chronic marginal periodontitis. The exudation which flows itself into these periodontal pockets increases proportionately to the aggravation of a disease.
There have been published many research reports on the composition of this periodontal pocket exudate to date, including those by Brill. As for lipid substance in the exudate, however, the published literature is scanty except for that of Watanabe among the domestic investigators. Further, concerning the phospholipids there seems to be a qualitative report by the present author and his collaborators alone.
For this reason, the present study was concerned with the classification of the degrees of oral hygiene, gingival inflammation and depth of periodontal pockets on the part of patients suffering from chronic marginal periodontitis, efforts being made to measure quantitatively the values of phosphatidylcholin, phosphatidylethanolamine and sphingomyelin for the purpose of comparative analysis with the clinical findings.
By way of study material, a total of 54 patients (26 males and 28 females) who visited the Department of Periodontology, Nihon University Dental Hospital, were selectively used. The subjects, who ranged from 18 to 74 years in age, were free from any systemic disease except for some kind of periodontal complaint. Of the female subjects, collection of their exudate was avoided for one week both before and after the menstruation in consideration of possible changes in the gingival state, its tone and systemic conditions.
The areas of exudate collection, 3+3 and 3+3, were labially studied relative to the oral hygiene index (OHI), propounded by Greene and Vermillion, gingival index (GI) by Loe and Sillness and depths of the periodontal pockets.
Upon examination, the means per tooth were classified into 3 groups. That is to say, in OHI the values below 1.5, those between 1.6 to 3.0 and those above 3.1 were designated as OHI group 1, OHI group 2 and OHI group 3 respectively.
As for GI, on the other hand, the values below 1.10, those from 1.11 to 1.50 and those above 1.51 were similarly established as GI group 1, GI gronp 2 and GI group 3.
Finally, concerning the mean values of pocket depth (PD), a threefold system was also adopted: those below 2.50mm was PD group 1, those between 2.51mm and 3.50mm was PD group 2 and those above 3.51mm constituted PD group 3.
In collecting the exudate from the periodontal pockets, use was made of filter paper method (Whatman Co., No. 2, 1×10mm).
An extraction of the phospholipids from the filter paper was carried out in accordance with the method by Folch et al.
The extracted matter was evaporated to dryness under nitrogen at 45°C and was dissolved in a 0.05ml solution of chloroform/methanol (2:1v/v) to render it available for the purpose of Thinchrography. For the quantitative measurement of phospholipids, the Iatroscan TH-10 (Iatron Inc., TLC-FID) was employed, in which phosphatidyl-N, N-dimethylethanolamine was housed to serve the function of a internal standard.
The three phospholipids to be examined were mixed with this internal standard, so that it was possible to establish the proportional relationship within a range of 1μg to 15μg for a given substance in terms of its area as compared to the internal standard matter.
Subsequently, the calibration curves were prepared for the quantitative measurement and correction between each phospholipid and clinical findings were analyzed.
As a result of the study, the author arrived at the following conclusions:
1. The phospholipids existing inside periodontal pockets were identified as phosphatidylcholin, phosphatidylethanolamine and sphingomyelin by use of the Thinchrography.
2. The values of phosphatidylcholin, phosphatidylethanolamine and sphingomyelin were reduced in proportion to the aggravation of the condition of oral hygiene and

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Ten adult mongrel dogs were used for this investigation. Two of them were used for control and the gingiva of maxillary cuspid of the rest dogs were exposed to warm water jet and inserted the Gin-Pack into the gingival crevice for causing experimental slight and moderate gingivitis.
All maxillary cuspid gingiva were jetted with Water Pik at various setting of the dial. The handpiece of the machine was held in vertical direction and 10mm from the target area. The strain and pulsation on the gingiva induced by water pressure were recorded by the oscillograph.
The results were obtained as follows:
I. Gingival strain
1. Normal gingiva:
1) When the Water Pik was set on a lower dial number, the pattern of the gingival strain was regular, and when the Water Pik was set higher, an irregular pattern was observed.
2) When setting the dial on number three, a more clear and regular pattern was observed.
3) Except for the dial number five, the height of the spike of the strain depended on the strengh of the water pressure, but set on the dial number five, the pattern showed a lower level height.
2. Slight gingivitis:
1) An irregular strain was developed, but there was no correlation with the strengh of the water pressure.
2) The height of the spike of strain was according to the dial number 1≈5<3.
3) Except for the dial number three, there was a larger strain than in the normal gingival strain.
3. Moderate gingivitis:
There was more irregular strain than the above two groups and the spike was in the level near the dial number five on the normal gingiva.
II. Gingival pulsation
1. In the normal gingiva, after the water pressure was applied, there was a smaller pulsation than before.
2. In both experimental gingivitis, the pulsation was irregular and inconspicous.
3. On the moderate gingivitis, when the dial setting was on five, there was no spike in the base line.

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It has been suggested that releasing of calcium from calvaria into culture medium was inhibited by sodium fluoride. In this study, the investigation was carried out for the concept about the influence of fluorine on new bone formation of rats by injecting sodium fluoride to the rats. The experimental animals were divided into three groups.
Group 1 was treated with a single daily dose of 0.11mg sodium fluoride for 3 days beginning from the 3rd day postnatally. Group 2 was treated with a single daily dose of 0.11mg sodium fluoride for 6 days also from the 3rd day postnatally. The control group was administered without sodium fluoride. The rats' calvaria were obtained on the 9th day postnatally.The results were obtained as follows.
1. The daily body weight changes showed no significant differances among the 3 groups.
2. The fluorine that deposited in every mg tissus of rats' calvaria showed a 0.46±0.02μg in group 1, a 0.65±0.02μg in group 2 and a 0.011±0.001μg in control group.
3. The influence of fluorine on radio-active calcium in every mg dry tissus of calvaria of rats showed a 39370.07±198.42DPM in group 1 and it was approximately 2.62% ⁴⁵CaCl₂ level increase as compared with control group. In group 2, it showed a 40914.09±202.27DPM, and this was approximately 6.65% ⁴⁵CaCl₂ level increase as compared with a 38363.93±195.87DPM radio-active calcium of control group.
4. The histological findings of the sagittal suture showed marked proliferation of osteoblasts, fibroblasts and collagen fibers in group 1 and group 2 as compared with the control group. With PAS and toluidine blue stainnigs group 1 and group 2 showed more marked positive reaction than control group. The positive reaction was noted especially around the osteoblasts and the fibroblasts and was noted diffusely in the newly formed osteoid.
5. The electromicroscopic findings of the sagittal suture showed prominent proliferation of collagen fibrils and prominent bone matrix formation in group 1 and 2 as compared with control group. The findings were more prominent in group 2 than in group 1.
6. According to the X-ray findings, the diameter of Haversian canals showed a tendency of narrowing in group 1 and group 2 as compared with control group. The areas between the parietal and the visceral laminae showed a remarkable tendency of increasing radio-opacity in group 1 and 2 as compared with control group and that in group 2 was more remarkable than in group 1.
It is noted that the above results present increase of quantity of calcification and new bone formation on the sagittal suture according to the administration of sodium fluoride.

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The aim of present study was to examine whether a possible inducement of the initial inflammatory changes in the marginal gingiva by the sonicates of Actinomyces viscosus and Fusobacterium nucleatum is found.
After two sonicates and saline solution and BSA as control materials were used topically in the gingiva for 8 hours, the gingival strips were dissected, fixed in 10% formalin and embedded in paraffin. The serial buccolingual cross sections of 5μ thickness were prepared and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Masson·Goldner and PAS·Alcian blue.
The histologic sections showed that the topical application of the sonicates from two microorganisms produced the structural alteration characterized by an increased number of polymorphonuclear Leukocytes in the marginal gingiva.

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Sucrose-dependent adherence of Streptococcus mutans strains to a smooth glass surface was studied. After cultivating the microorganism in sucrose-containing broth medium, cells and glucans yielded in the culture were fractionated into firm adherent (ad-1), loose adherent (ad-2) and nonadherent (non-ad) fractions based on their adhesiveness to the surface of culture tube. The amounts of cells and glucans in each fraction were determined to elucidate the relationship between cell adherence and glucan synthesis. The results suggested that the amount of ad-1 cells strongly correlated to that of ad-1 insoluble glucan (IG) and also to the total amount of IG produced in the culture. On the other hand, extracellular glucans produced by S. mutans cultured on sucrose could be separated into IG-1, IG-2 and soluble glucan (SG) based on their solubility in water. The adherence ability of the Streptococcus distinctly depended on their productivity of IG, especially IG-1.
Chemical structure of these glucans was investigated by infrared spectrophotometry, acid hydrolysis, acetolysis, periodate oxidation, and methylation analysis. The average proportions of α-1, 6-glucosidic linkages were 38% for IG-1, 49% for IG-2 and 56% for SG, while those of α-1, 3-glucosidic linkages were 57% for IG-1, 46% for IG-2 and 37% for SG. The IG-1 produced by S. mutans JC 2 contained 9% α-1, 3, 6-linked branching residues, 9% non-reducing terminal residues, 36% α-1, 6-linked units and 46% α-1, 3-linked units. The SG of the strain contained 10% α-1, 3, 6-linked branches, 10% terminals, 47% α-1, 6-linked units and 33% α-1, 3-linked units. The alkali-solubility of the glucans produced by S. mutans appeared to be ascribed to their contents of α-1, 3-and α-1, 6-glucosidic linkages.

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the height of connective tissue reattachment from the bone margin after flap operation in monkey. 3mm or 1.5mm of crestal bone was horizontally removed at buccal and interproximal areas, and root planing was carried out completely. For a histological land mark, a notch was prepared on the root surface at the bottom of bone defect. Ten weeks after operation, the monkey was sacrificed. The periodontal tissues of 40 teeth in two monkeys were observed histologically. During ten weeks, efforts were made to keep oral hygiene as clean as possible.
The results which were obtained are as follows:
1) At molar areas which had slight gingival inflammation, connective tissue reattachment was clearly found. In the 3mm bone defect group, it was 2.22mm (S. D. 0.60), and in the 1.5mm bone defect group it was 1.56mm (S. D. 0.70). The mean amount of new cementum in the 3mm bone defect group was 1.06mm (S. D. 0.54), and in the 1.5mm bone defect group it was 1.00mm (S. D. 0.80).
2) At incisor areas which showed moderate gingi val inflammation caused by narrow attached gingiva, good connective tissue reattachment could not be obtained. In such areas, epithelial proliferation to apical site was found, but it stopped at the area where new cementum formation occurred. The mean amount of connective tissue reattachment was 0.90mm (S. D. 0.74) in the 3mm bone defect group and 0.85mm (S. D. 0.82) in the 1.5mm bone defect group. The mean amount of new cementum was 0.61mm (S. D. 0.39) in the 3mm bone defect group and 0.49mm (S. D. 0.39) in the 1.5mm bone defect group.
3) The mean amount of alveolar bone loss at molar and incisor areas was 0.11mm (S. D. 0.39) in the 3mm bone defect group and 0.35mm (S. D. 0.35) in the 1.5mm bone defect group respectively.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between noctural teeth grinding and occlusal interference. Furthermore, the personality of each subject was also investigated from the psychollogical aspect.
The subject sample was composed of 25 nocturnal teeth grinders who recognized themselves as grinders. It included 7 males and 18 females [mean age 30.0 years range 19 to 49 years].
The control sample was composed of 25 persons who were diagnosed in clinical examination as nonbruxer. It included 7 males and 18 females [mean age 26.1 years; range 19 to 63 years].
To detect the prematurities and occlusal interferences in each occlusal position [centric occlusion, retruded contact position, lateral excursion, and protrusive excursion], occlusal examination was performed on all of the subjects and control persons with #30 sheet wax and occlusion test foil.
Then the occlusal adjustment was done on 9 grinding patients for the purpose of eliminating all of the prematurities and occlusal interferences.
The total grinding time overnight was measured with the “Grinding Monitoring System” which has been newly developed by the author. This system is composed of a portable casset tape recorder, small microphone, and acoustic senser which responds to grinding sound only. Each subject brought it back to their home and measured the amount of grinding for a week.
To investigate personality, all of the subjects and control persons were examined with two types of questionire [Cornell Medical Index and Yatabe-Guilford test].
The results were as follows;
1) Only balancing side occlusal interference was significant [p<0.05]in incidence between the subject group and the control group.
2) Any occlusal interferences which appeared unilaterally were not significant in incidence between the grinding group and the control group.
3) The grinding time/hour of sleep during a week before the occlusal adjustment obtained from 12 subjects varied[mean time 15.15 sec/hour of sleep; range 1.53 to 71.02 sec/hour of sleep]. The varience of time of grinding between subjects was significant. And the varience between days was not significant.
4) After the elimination of all prematurities and occlusal interferences, 2 out of g subjects significantly [p<0.05] reduced grinding time, but another 7 subjects did not show any changes in grinding time.
5) The number of oppressive pain points on the masticatory muscles decreased to half by reason of the occlusal adjustment.
6) The results of psychological test did not show significant difference in personality between the grinding subjects and the control persons.

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This research was undertaken to measure the IgE level response of clinical healthy persons, in serum, saliva and gingval fluid.
And also observed on the IgE level concentrations in the procedures of experimental gingivitis.
The results obtained are as follows,
1) The IgE concentrations of serum, saliva and gingival fluid in the clinical healthy persons showed value of 119±14U/ml, 71±31U/ml, 13490±10858U/ml and their ratio 2:1:190.
There were no statistically significant differences between the individuals.
2) a. In the IgE concentrations of the experimental gingivitis, serum and saliva showed significant differences between individuals as compared with control. (p<0.01)
But, no significant differences in the variation of the days lapse between the both groups.
b. In the IgE concentrations of the experimental gingivitis, the gingival fluid showed significant differences in the variation of the day's lapse compared with control. (p<0.01)
But control groups also showed on a little alteration of the day's lapse compared with experimental groups.
In conclusion, we advocate that the IgE concentration and the experimental gingivitis are positive correlation in gingival fluid.

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The present study was to examine the effect of pulp vitality on the periodontal reattachment following the free autogenous gingival graft. Maxillary bilateral premolars in each of 4 dogs were used.
Denuded root surfaces were prepared after the labial alveolar osteomies on the experimental region. Four weeks later, the pulp in the right teeth was extirpated and the root canals were filled with gutta percha points and root canal sealer or the root canals were left open (infected teeth). The left teeth were kept in the vital pulp as a control. The graft was placed over the denuded roots after 4 weeks.
The animals were sacrified 4 and 12 weeks postoperatively and a serial section of the premolars with surrounding tissues was prepared for a light microscopic examination.
The clinical and histopathological findings showed that the gingival recession was more found in the infected teeth than the vital teeth and the former produced less periodontal reattachment as compared with the latter, and the interface between the donor and the recipient bed was characterized by the increased number and size of blood vessels.

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The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate on the procedure of the wedge operation compared with the full thickness flap operation.
The subjects were 27 sites from 10 patients for the wedge operation group and 28 sites from 8 patients for the flap operation group.
Before the each operation, the initial preparation as usual routine was taken with plaque control program, including scaling and root planing, every two weeks intervals.
Plaque index, gingival index and probing depth were measured from initial examination up to 6 months post-operative.
The results were analysed statistically as follows:
1) Plaque indices were shown no signifficant difference between the wedge operation and the flap operation.
2) Gingival indices were shown on the signifficant difference between the wedge operation (15.5%) and the flap operation (49.8%). (p<0.01)
3) Probing depths were shown on the signifficant difference between the wedge operation (20.1%) and the flap operation (44.7%). (p<0.01)
As to probing depth, the mandibular showed more reduction than the maxilla, the distal sites than the medial sites of the teeth. (p<0.05)
Above these results, the wedge operation was more effective than the full thickness flap operation in a retromolar pad, a tuberosity, or an edentulous area.

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Chronic desquamative gingivitis is a rare condition involving the gingival tissues. The pathogenesis of this condition has been attributed to some disturbances of general status, although the etiology of the lesions is still unknown. Therefore, the treatment of the lesion has been a problem in periodontal therapy for a long time.
This study reports the lesions of chronic desquamative gingivitis of four female cases. Four cases consist of one severe form and three moderate form according to Glickman's classification at first visit. All cases have some systemic disorders and environmental changes such as divorcement, uterine myoma, anxiety hysteria and sterile affliction on their own situations. It seems that the gingival conditions were influenced by these general status, although the apparent correlations between the lesions and the systemic factors were not able to be clalified in the present surveys.
Four cases were symptomatically treated with topical application of steroid hormones in the ointment, and were periodontally treated with removal of local irritating factors. A considerable improvement of the gingival lesions was obtained with topical application of corticoid ointment including antibiotics and mouth rinse of 0.1% chlorhexidine.
In three cases, the remission of gingival symptoms occurred unexpectedly at several years after the first onset. In one case, however, the lesion has been still remained even now, and a follow-up survey with free gingival graft is in progress.

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