The deposition of immune complexes was investigated in various stages of experimental gingivitis by immunofluorescence.
After the bimaxillary premolars of beagle dogs were brushed for 1 month to obtain a clinically healthy gingiva, the experimental gingivitis was induced by plaque accumulation following ligature with floss silk. The gingival biopsy specimens were obtained at 0 day, 1 week, 1 month and 3 months after the start of plaque accumulation. The localization of immunoglobulins (Ig), complement (C3) and anti-plaque antibody (Ab) was compared in these specimens, untreated and treated with PBS or citrate buffer using immunofluorescent antibody and antigen techniques.
The following findings were obtained:
The localization of C3 increased with times to the maximum level 1 month postoperatively, resulting in a plateau at 3 month postoperative periods and IgM and Ab localized in a similar fashion. Therefore this finding reflects a presence of immune complexes. However, since a large majority of Ig, C3 and Ab localized in early and established lesions were washed out with PBS, not indicating that the immune complexes deposited in a tightly fixed state.

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The aim of present study was to examine the effect of immunization on the initial inflammatory changes in the marginal gingiva.
Two dogs were used. After Fusobacterium sonicate was topically applied to two jaw quadrants of the dogs with clinically healthy gingivae for 8 hours, gingival strips were obtained. Furthermore, similar topical application was carried out in the remaining quadrants of the dogs which had been immunized by Fusobacterium sonicate and the gingival strips were also taken. The gingival strips were fixed in 10% formalin and embedded in paraffin. The serial buccolingual cress sections of 5μm thickness were prepared and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Masson·Goldner and PAS·Alcian blue.
The histologic sections showed that in the immunized dog, after topical application of Fusobacterium sonicate the numbers of polymorphonuclear leucocytes in the marginal gingiva tended to increase as compared with those before immunization.
This fact may reflect the leucocyte chemotaxis via complement activation in a classical pathway.

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The previous study showed that the collagenase activities in salt extract and two sonicates were significantly higher in inflamed gingiva after 3 weeks of plaque forming period than healthy gingiva in dogs, respectively.
The aim of this study was to extract the collagenase and gelatinase from the healthy and inflamed gingivae after 1 week of plaque forming period and compare their activities with those of 3 week-old gingivitis.
With inflamed gingiva after 1 week of plaque forming period, two forms of collagenase, the soluble enzyme free its substrate and insoluble enzyme bound to the substrate, were extracted according to the methods as described previously. Collagenase activity was measured using [¹⁴C]-acetylated collagen with high specific activity in solution as substrate and separating the reaction products by 50% dioxane. Treatment with a high concentration of trypsin was also necessary for detection of collagenase activities in all the extracts as in the case of experimentally induced 3 week-old gingivitis.
The collagenase activities in salt extract and the first sonicate were significantly higher in inflamed gingiva after 1 week of plaque forming period than in healthy gingiva respectively, but that of the second sonicate showed no significant increase. Furthermore, the rates of the increase in two fractions were smaller than those in 3 week-old gingivitis.
From these results, it is suggested that both soluble and insoluble forms of collagenase in dog start to increase within 1 week after the induction of inflammation and continue the increase for at least 2 weeks, On the other hand, gelatinase activity did not vary significantly by the induction of inflammation.

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Since Yasudea observated that a small amout of electricity stimulates osteogenesis in 1953, this original concept has been verified and considerably expanded by many investigators. We have determined the direct electric currents of 10 microamperes stimulates the bone remodeling and osseous callus formation in the alveolar bone and mandible. This study designed to determine the effect of direct electrical stimulation on new cementum formation during the periodontal wound healing.
In three adult mongrel dogs, two pairs of surgical bony defects were made bilateraly in the mandible. A pair of defects was constituted of the cathodic defect between the second premolar and third premolar, and the anodic defect between the third and fourth premolar. The electrodes were stainless wires 0.7 milimeter in diameter, insulated by Teflon tube without one milimeter from top ends, netted in the bottom wall of bony defects on each side of the mandible. A pair of electordes on the left side connected to the implantable power pack unit for the delivery of a constant, continuous direct currents of 10 microamperes, that was constituted of a dual FET, a resister and silver oxide battery.
Evalution of the dynamics of appositional cementum was facilitated by the subcutaneous administration of oxytetracycline, that began on Day 15 of the experiental period with the use of a schedule of 3 days on, 7 days off, and 3 days on. The dosage was 200mg/day.
Not-stained bony sections (100 microns) were horizontally cutted, and were viewed under the fluorescence microscope. Morphometric measurements were performed with the Nikon's eyepiece type micrometer and the Zeiss's integrating disk type II. We measured 5 cross-sections of the each side of the mandible. The following 5 parameters were measured on 4 quadrants of each root, distal root of the second premolar, mesial root of the third premolar, distal root of the third premolar and mesial root of the fourth premolar.
1) Mean ratio of Tc labeled surface to root surface (%)
2) Mean ratio of Tc double labeled surface to root surface (%)
3) Mean thickness of labeled cementum (μm)
4) Mean appositional rate of cementum (μm/day)
5) Mean width of periodontal ligament (μm)
The ratio of labled surface and double labeled surface were higher valure in cahtode than control site, and not different in anode, in all quadrants. The appositional rate and thickness of the cementum were higher value in cathode and anode than control in all quadrants. The width of periodontal ligament was not different between the electrical stimulated site and control, and was larger value in A quadrant in that new bone formation. The direct electric currents stimulated the cementum formation on root, and expanded the adaptive area, and accelated the adaptive speed in this process.

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This study was made to clarify the existense of antibiotic factors to oral bacteria in the gingival pocket fluid of individuals with periodontal disease by using fluorescent antibody techniques. Fluorescein-labeled antisera were obtained from human oral bacteria, Clq, C3, properdin, IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE, Fab, fibrinogen, and serious frozen sections were stained by them.
The results were as follows:
1) Each substance was detcted in the bacterial mass as showing Table 1 and Fig. 1.
2) IgG, IgA, Fab, and fibrinogen were demonstrated most frequently as Fig. 3.
From above results, we arrived at following conclusions:
1) Main defensive system to the oral bacteria in the gingival pocket were immunoglobulins and activated complement system.
2) The complement was the alternative pathway in addition to classical pathway.
3) We were suggested that both complement systems raised to activity of phagocytosis, and finally caused to bacterial lysis in the gingival pocket.

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This histological study was undertaken on the gingival connective tissue in experimental gingivitis. Gin-pack (#2) was ligated around 3/|/3 tooth neck from 0 to 9 days in an adult male Macaca irus monkey that was given soft food and water.
Gingival biopsy specimens were taken before (3) and after (3) the experimental period. They were studied at light microscopic and ultrastructural levels. The following results were obtained:
1) 3 (control gingiva): There was no evidence of inflammatory changes. Typical half desmosomes were viewed between the epithelium and the basal lamina. In the connective tissue, active fibroblasts were found with a high collagen content.
2) 3(inflammatory gingiva): The tissue was vascularized and poor in collagen. A variety of inflammatory cells were found. Sometimes many lymphocytes were found in close contact with fibroblasts.
3) Fibroblastic phagocytosis of collagen was observed.
4) Phagocytosed collagen fibrils in an electron-dense matrix were enclosed by unit membrane. The unit membranes were closely associated with and fused to several lysosomal dense bodies. Also collagen fibrils were seen interiorized in phago-lysosomes and residual bodies.
5) Since FLS-like structure was not observed extracellulary, the loss of collagen fibrils may be due to fibroblastic phagocytosis.

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Gingival tissues obtained from two cases of chronic desquamative gingivitis were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM)and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
In case 1 (38 year-old female), SEM revealed peculiar surface characteristics such as flattened, multi-pitted string-like processus appearances. On TEM, there was a thin electron dense band of 3 to 4 μm in width below the outer cell layers pressumed to be prickled cells. This electron dense band was composed of excessive compression of 6 to 7 cell layers. Adittional changes of whorling arrangements of the epithelial cells and occasional multiplications of basal lamina were found near the subepithelial inflammatory regions.
In case 2 (53 year-old female), SEM revealed rather regular arrangements of microridge resembled usual surface than unusual. On TEM, there was also a thin electron dense band of about 10μm in width adjacent to the surface areas, and this band was made of moderate compression of cell layers. This band, however, was different to that of case 1, in respect of the degree of compression and characteristics of the outer cells.

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Eugenol and rosin in the periodontal dressing materials are well known contact allergens.
The purpose of this study is to determine the optimum concentration for patch testing with eugenol and rosin. Various concentrations used in eugenol group were original liquid, 10%, 5% and 2%. Peanut oil was used as the control for eugenol group. Various concentrations used in rosin group were 80%, 50%, 25% and 10%, whereas petralatum was used as the control. These test agents were patched on nude back region of guinea pig. Each challenge site was evaluated 24 hours and 48 hours after removal of patch.
The results obtained were as follows
1. 5% eugenol was optimum concentration with patch test.
2. 25%, 50% and 80% rosin were suitable concentration with patch test.

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Standardized intra-oral photographic device is very useful for longitudinally evaluating plaque accumulation or degree of inflammation. Many devices are developed for this purpose, but most of them seem to have some short-comings for simple clinical use. A simple device for taking intra-oral standardized photographs with high reproducibility was developed. The device is composed of a camera (Medical Nikkor, Auto 1: 5.6, f=200mm), a circular attachment to the lens of the camera made of acrylic resin, and a distance-adjustable tripod connected to the attachment. Using this device, intra-oral photographs of labial aspects of upper central incisors were taken. The subjects were ten dental students and two faculties. Two examiners (K. I., M. F.) took photographs once a day for one subject. Reproducibility of this device was studied calculating repeatedly the area of the same tooth surface on slides which were projected on a section paper (5mm square). The distance between two special points on a tooth was also calculated for studying the reproducibilty of the device. The average coefficient of variation for the area of a tooth was 3.2%, and 1.6% in the case of the distance between two special points of a tooth. From these results, this device seemed to be a very simple method for taking standardized intra-oral photographs with high reproducibility.

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The aim of this research was to undertake the new measurement that so simplify as to measure the capacitance of the gingival fluid, compared with other commercial measurement.
The correlation between the clinical finding and the gingival fluid was as follow.
1. Among the capacitance of gingival fluid, Probing Depth, Gingival Index, Plaque Index and Gingival Bleeding Index were showed the significant difference in statistical analysis. (p<0.01)
2. The capacitance of gingival fluid was increased on geometrical progression with inflamed gingiva.
We advocate that new measurement to detect the gingival fluid of capacitance are more effective method for the diagnosis both clinical signs and researches.

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The aim of this investigation was to evaluate on Gingival Bleeding Index with relation to Plaque Index, Gingival Index and Probing Depth.
The following results were obtained.
1. The correlation between Plaque Index and Gingival Bleeding Index showed on the significant difference in the statistical analysis. (p<0.01)
2. The correlation between Gingival Index and Gingival Bleeding Index showed on the significant difference in the statistical analysis. (p<0.01)
3. The correlation between Probing Depth and Gingival Bleeding Index showed on the significant difference in the statistical analysis. (p<0.01)
Gingival Bleeding Index was objectively easy and simplify evaluation compared with other landmark.

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