To the authcr's knowledge, there have been few reports dealing with the constituents of dental calculus. For these reason, the present study was concerned with lipids detected in supragingival calculus and subgingival calculus.
By way of study material a total of 37 patients (19 males and 18 females) who visited the department of periodontics, Nihon university dental hospital, were seleclively used. A extraction of lipids from dental calculus was carried out in accordance with the method by FOLCH et al.
The extracted matter was dry fixed under nitrogen at 45°C and was resolved in a 0.05ml solution of chloroform: methanol (2:1v/v) to render it available for the purpose Thinchrography. As a result of the study, the author arrived at the following.
1. The lipids existing supragingival calculus and subgingingival calculus were identified as cholesterol ester, free fatty acid, cholesterol and phospholipid.
2. Lipids of supragingival calculus was followed in order by free fatty acid, cholesterol ester, cholesterol and phospholipid.
3. Lipids subgingival calculus were followed in order by free fatty acid, phospholipid, cholesterol ester and cholesterol.
4. There was no appreciable difference in lipids between supragingival calculus and subgingival calculus.

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A study was made to evaluate the effects of plaster of paris in treating infrabony periodontal defects in humans. Seventy-six mongrel adult dogs were used in this study. With a trephine bur and other instruments, standardized bone cavities were prepared under the bifurcation area of buccal side of the mandibular first molar in each dog. Standardized plaster disk was inserted into the bone cavity of the mandibular right side of each dog, and blood was allowed to accumulate in the cavity of the left side as the control. Post operative standardized dental radiographs were taken every week to 27 weeks with a special apparatus which is developed by the author and consists of a film holder, a x-ray beam collimating wire, and original extension cone. Standardized radiographs were observed post-operative changes of bone cavity and were analyzed with aPhoto Pattern Analyzer anda X-Y Recorder. Histopathological observations were made in experimental six groups which were divided into 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 18 weeks after operation and the control group.
The results obtained were as follows;
1. The standardized intraoral radiographic technique was proved to be accurate and repeatable more than usual radiographic technique.
2. By standardized intraoral radiographic technique, x-ray picture bone cavity in experimental sites could not be appeared earlier about 2 weeks than that of control ones.
3. Experimental sites could not be recorded density and pattern of the bone cavity on standardized radiographs earlier 1 week than that of control ones which were analyzed to an aluminum wedge standard using a Photo Pattern Analyzer and a X-Y Recorder.
4. Histopathological findings showed that a new bone formation was begining in bottom of the bone cavity and bone proliferation in experimental sites were more rapid growth than that of the control ones.
5. The plaster of paris did not seemed to hinder the progress of healing of the bone cavity after the implantation.

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the possibility of plaster of paris (paste type) implant on clinical infrabony defect. Eighty-two healthy adult dogs were used. Buccal areas of mandibular first molars were subjected to experiment. Bone defects were prepared beneath the bifurcation area of the mandibular first molars. The mandibular right side bone defect of each dog was filled with plaster of paris (paste type), whereas the left side was used as control.
Post-operative changes of bone defect were observed from immediately to 27 weeks post operatively standardized roentgenographically, tetracycline labeling photographically and histopathologically.
The results obtained were as follows:
1) Standardized roentgenographically, roentgenopaque views of bone defect in experimental site were observed earlier than that of control sites.
2) Labio-lingual section in the first stage, bone regeneration of defects was observed more rapidly in the apical portion than in the coronal one.
3) A new bone formation in the area of the plaster of paris implantation demonstrated that the rate of regeneration was more rapid than the control one.
4) Following the implantation, it seems that the plaster did not disturb the bone tissue surround the defect.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of protease inhibitors (α1-antitrypsin, α2-nacroglobulin) in the gingival crevicular fluid and he serum of patients with periodontal disease in order o understand the pathological changes of periodontal lisease.
A total of 29 patients were used in the experiment. Ten gingivitis patients for the gingivitis group and lineteen periodontitis patients for the periodontitis roup.
Sample of the gingival crevicular fluid and the erum were taken from all patients, and the protease nhibitor analysis were performed by single radial mmunodiffusion method, thin layer electrofocusing nethod and crossed immunoelectrophoresis method.
The results were as following
1. In the serum, the protease inhibitors concentra ion of the gingivitis group and the periodontitis roup were all in normal range.
2. The protease inhibitors (α1-antitrypsin, α2-macroglobulin) were also observed in the gingival crevicular fluid and were 50-70 percent of the protease inhibitor concentration in the serum. The ratio (G.C.F./serum) of α1-antitrypsin in the gingivitis group were significantly higher than the periodontitis group in adversely the ratio of α2-macrogrobulin in the periodontitis group.
3. In the gingival crevicular fluid, “α1-antitrypsin complex” binding with proteases were observed, and amount of the complex in the periodontitis group was greater than the gingvitis group.
4. The genetic types of α1-antitrypsin in the serum were all MM-type and that was same with healthy person.
From results of this study, it was suggested that in the inflammatory process of gingivitis or periodontitis, protease inhibitors exude from blood vessel, bind with proteases concerning with tissue destruction, and somehow control the activity of these proteases.

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This study presents an evaluation of the effectiveness of subgingival scaling and root planing related to depth of pocket, type of teeth and type of tooth surfaces. A total of 40 teeth in 16 patients was used in this study.
Four periodontists scaled and root planed the selected teeth thoroughly and made a reference notch at the gingival margin indicating just before the tooth extraction. Photometric and scanning electron microscopic evaluations about residual calculus and deposits after instrumentation were made on the experimental teeth.
Following results were obtaind.
1. Photometric evaluations
1) The amount of residual calculus and deposits on the molar tooth was greater than anterior tooth.
2) The type of tooth surfaces did not influence the amount of residual calculus and deposits.
3) The teeth with less than 3mm pockets showed the least amount of residual calculus and deposits and the teeth with over 5mm pockets showed greater residual calculus and deposits than the teeth with less than 5mm pockets.
2. Scanning electron microscopic evaluations
1) Some residual deposits in small depressions in the root surface could be observed at the shallow pockets.
2) The instrumentation and the calculus detection were performed more easily in shallow pockts than in deep pockts.
3) The grooves made by scaler could be observed at every tooth surfaces after root planing.

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The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship between periodontal disease and occlusion. The occlusal pressure (kg/mm²), occlusal contact area (mm²) and occlusal force (kg) were measured in patients with slight to moderate periodontitis and control persons. A total number of 10 patients with slight periodontitis were selected as slight periodontitis group (6 males and 4 females, 44±8 years old). A total number of 10 patients with moderate periodontitis were selected as moderate periodontitis group (5 males and 5 females, 45±6 years old). A total number of 21 persons with healthy periodontal tissue and normal dentition were used as control group (11 males and 10 females, 26±6 years old).
The measurements were carried out with 16 teeth of 7-4/7-4|4-7/4-7 at the first examination. Occlusal Precale^® was used for determination of occlusal pressure, occlusal contact area, and occlusal force. Occlusal Prescale is a kind of pressure-sensitive sheet and consists of 2 pieces of thin sheet (total 77μ thick). Occlusal pressure (kg/mm²) and occlusal contact area (mm²) can be determined by the density of the developed color and the area of the colored spot on the sheet. Occlusal force (kg) can be estimated by integration of both parameters.
The mean occlusal pressure of 7-4/7-4|4-7/4-7 were: 3.70±0.33kg/mm² in the slight periodontitis group, 3.77±0.58kg/mm² in the moderate periodontitis group and 4.20±0.87kg/mm² in the control group. No statistically significant difference was observed among the 3 groups.
The mean occlusal contact area of 7-4/7-4|4-7/4-7 were: 4.17±1.11mm² in the slight periodontitis group, 1.52±0.60mm² in the moderate periodontitis group and 2.46±1.41mm² in the control group. Statistically significant difference were observed between the control and the slight periodontitis group and between the slight and moderate periodontitis group. (p<0.01).
The mean occlusal force of 7-4/7-4|4-7/4-7 were: 16.79±3.73kg in the slight periodontitis group, 7.08±1.83kg in the moderate periodontitis group and 11.00±5.25kg in the control group. Statistically significant difference were observed among the 3 groups.

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In order to obtain satisfactory clinical success in the treatment of periodontally affected multi-rooted teeth the importance of studying their anatomical characteristics and the specific features of furcation involvements has been emphasized.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the different states of stress being distributed in the remaining surrounding alveolar bone according to the different levels of bone resorption, when occlusal force worked on a multi-rooted teeth. Especially the action of levers might operate more effectively when the occlusal force worked on the involved side of the multi-rooted teeth with intraosseous defect, because it has a longer mesio-distal or wider bucco-lingual dimension.
A two-dimensional model copy based on the anatomical relationships of the mandibular first molar and the periodontal supporting structures served as the material. Eight different load directions and seven different vertical levels of intraosseous resorption were assumed as the experimental parameter. The qualitative and quantitative stress distribution were investigated using the photoelastic experiment and the finite element method.
From the results obtained from the seven steps of bone resorption; ranging from the physiologic case to that with the defect beyond the interradicular septum; four load directions proved practically enough to represent the load direction working on the mandibular first moalr. These are: the load directed to the mesial cusp, the oblique mesial incline of the mesial cusp, the distal cusp and the central fossa. From the calculated stress distribution and stress value, the following could be concluded:
A) Physiological alveolar bone level.
In the photoelastic experiment, strong stress concentration was seen in the root apex, and a wide stress distribution was found around the inter-radicular septum. Using the finite element method, the stress values induced in the surrounding alveolar bone were calculated.
1) In the mesial alveolar bone, the crest showed the minimum stress, and the area one third from root apex showed the maximum stress.
2) In the mesial side of the furcation, the area right beneath the furcation showed the minimum stress, and the area around the root apex showed the maximum stress.
3) In the distal side of the furcation, the area right beneath the furcation showed the minimum stress and the area one half from the root apex showed the maximum stress.
4) In the distal alveolar bone, the crest showed the minimum stress, and the area one third from the root apex to one fourth from the root apex showed the maximum stress.
Furthermore, of all the measurements, the furcation area showed the minimum stress.
B) Mesial alveolar bone resorption.
In the photoelastic experiment, the stress concentration of the apex decreased and the stress distribution of the interradicular space became intensive. In the finite element method, the increase of stress value was moderate until bone resorption reached to one third of the root length, but with further bone resorption the stress value showed a marked increase.
C) Resorption of the interradicular septum.
In the photoelastic experiment, the stress concentration of the root apex increased. In the finite element method, the increase of stress value was moderate until resorption of the interradicular septum reached to one third of the root length, but with further bone resorption, the stress value showed a marked increase.
These results show that in accordance with the alveolar bone resorption, there is a marked change in the stress distribution pattern of the remaining alveolar bone aroundd the multi-rooted teeth.

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The purpose of this experiment was to observe how a granule extract from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) could effect on periodontal tissues in man in vitro and in rat in vivo.
Human PMNs were prepared by 5 per cent dextran sedimentation from 780ml of concentrated blood bag. The granules of the PMNs were obtained after the homogenization in 0.34M sucrose solution and the subsequent centrifugation. The lysosomal fraction was extracted at 4°C by mixing the granule with 4ml of 0.2M sodium acetate buffer containing 0.01M CaCl₂ (pH 4.0) during 24 hours. The mixture was then centrifuged at 20, 000g for 20min. The supernate was dialyzed against 10mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) or 0.05M Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.2). Both two buffers contained 0.15M NaCl and 0.01M CaCl₂. These solutions were used as granule extract of the PMNs.
As an in vitro experiment, the pieces of human gingiva were cut in a cryostat immediately after biopsy. Serial sections were then incubated at 37°C either with the granule extract or a saline solution for 3, 6 and 12 hours. The in vivo effects of the granule extract were studied by the injection into three areas of adult Wistar rats. The first area was the submucosa of the palatine adjacent to maxillary first molar. The second was that of mucogingival junction of the opposite portion of the same tooth. The third was the interdental gingiva between upper first and second molar.
Neutral proteolytic activity was measured, as an indicator of enzyme activities of the solution. A very high activity (O. D. 750nm) was shown as 0.760 per one hour in the phosphate buffer and 0.746 per one hour in the Tris-HCl buffer.
As compared the experimental sections with the control after the incubation in vitro, the histological features showed that the granule extract destroyed the epithelial structure and degenerated the connective tissues of the gingiva.
Histological observations at experimental areas in rat showed the formation of granulation tissues, the fibrinoid-like degeneration and the inflammatory ceel infiltration. These changes were especially occured at the submucosa of the mucogingival junction.

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The three parameters, plaque index (Silness & Löe), gingival indx (Löe & Silness) and periodontal pocket, were measured from the first examination to the initial preparation in the periodontal therapy, especially the changeable phase on each of the above indices.
The results obtained were as follows:
1) The three indices in the first examination. There was no difference statistically between males and females, but increased with aging. Between maxilla and mandibula a little difference showed in the periodontal pocket, also between anteriar and posterior sites a little difference showed in the perodontal pocket and the plaque index. The differernt order was Distal>Mesial>Lingual>Buccal parts.
2) The three indices in the initial preparation. In the initial preparation phase, they showed parallel improvement compared with the first examination.
3) The improved ratio of three indices.
a) The improved ratio from the first examination to the initial preparation showed 65% in the plaque index; above 40% in the gingival index and 65% in the periodontal pocket.
b) The improved ratio of an individual man's index showed approximately the same results as listed in (a).
4) The correlation of the three indices. The positive correlation order was GI-PD>PII-GI>PII-PD, above all, gingival inflammation and periodontal pocket showed the positve correlation (r=0, 509).
5) The relationship between the period and the three indices. In comparison with the period between 1-2 months and 4-5 months, they showed high average on the indices of the latter.

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Vitamin E (α-tocopherol) is the most biologically active member of a number of naturally occuring lipid soluble antioxidants and it may have clinical value in modifying undesirable scar formation. Though the relationship between blood levels of vitamin E and periodontal disease in human and animal have been studied by Goodson, Goldbach and others, as far as I know, there are no quantitative analysis concerning with gingiva. As for my study, it was concerned with classification of periodontal pocket depth, gingival index and the degree of bleeding index on the patients by whom were suffered from chronic marginal periodontitis.
By way of study material, a total of 208 patients (121 males and 87 females) who visited the department of periodontology, Nihon university dental hospital, were selectively used. The subjects, who ranged from 18 to 74 years in age, were free from any systemic disease except for some kind of periodontal complaint. The periodontal pocket depth (PD), gingival index (GI) and bleeding index (BI) were evaluated on every operated teeth.
An determination of the α-tocopherol from the gingiva was carried out in accordance with the method by Katsui et al. The gingiva was added 1.1ml distilled water and then it was homogenized. It was added 1.0ml ethanol and followed by the addition of 5.0ml n-hexane. After vigorous shaking for 5 minutes, the extracted α-tocopherol in the n-hexane layer was determined fluorometrically: excitation 295nm, emission 320nm. Gingival protein was determined by the Lowry method. The amount of α-tocopherol which contained in 10mg protein of gingiva was calculated.
Upon examination, the means per tooth were classified into 3 groups. Concerning the mean value of pocket depth (PD), those under 2.0mm was PD group 1, these between 2.0mm and 3.3mm was PD group 2 and those over 3.3mm constituted PD group 3. As for gingival index (GI), the values under 1.0, those from 1.0 to 1.4 and those over 1.4 were similarly established as GI group 1, GI group 2 and GI group 3. Concerning the bleeding index (BI), the values under 8.0%, those from 8.0% to 30.0% and those over 30.0% were similarly established as BI group 1, BI group 2 and BI group 3. Finally, concerning the age (Y), those below 29 age was Y-I, those between 30 and 49 was Y-II and those above 50 constituted Y-III.
As a result of the study, the author arrived at the following conclusions:
1. The α-tocopherol existing gingiva was identified by use of thin layer chromatography.
2. In case of Y-I and Y-II of male and female, the amount of α-tocopherol was reduced in proportion to the aggravation of the condition of pocket depth, gingival index and bleeding index.
3. At the clinical examination become more aggravation, the amount of α-tocopherol tend to increase in case of Y-III of male and female.

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There have been many investigations to describe the lipids of gingiva in concerning with marginal periodontitis. But only few investigations about the phospholipids existing as the main constitution of cell membrane and being noticed to its physiological roles have been investigated by Ohta et al., Murai et al., Yamaguchi, Sano and Rabinowitz et al., Especially, as the author known, none of the investigations in comparison with the progression of periodontal disease and the amounts alternation of phospholipids in human gingiva has been reported.
Therefore the author used the gingiva collected from the parts of patients suffering from marginal periodontitis and are classifying according to their clinical symptoms such as the periodontal pocket depth (PD), gingival index (GI) and bleeding index (BI) to identify the main phospholipids in human gingiva and to consider its amounts alternation correlative with clinical symptoms of marginal periondotitis.
By way of study material, a total of 101 patients (58 males and 43 females) who visited the Department of Periodontology, Nihon university dental hospital, were selectively used. The subjects, who ranged from 21 to 64 years in age, were free from any systemic disease except for some kind of periodontal complaints.
Upon examination, the means per tooth were classified into 3 groups for PD and GI whereas the BI was classified into 4 groups.
Concerning the mean value of PD, those below 2.0mm, those between 2.0mm and 3.0mm and those above 3.0mm were given to PD group 1, PD group 2 and PD group 3, respectively.
As for GI, the value below 1.0, those from 1.0 to 1.4 and those above 1.4 were similarly established as GI group 1, GI group 2 and GI group 3.
Concerning the BI, the value 0, those from 1.0 to 10.0, those from 10.1 to 25.0 and those above 25.0 were respectively given to BI group 1, BI group 2, BI group 3 and BI group 4.
Phospholipids in human gingiva which was weighted in wet weight were extracted by the method of Folch et al. The extracted matter was evaporated to dryness under nitrogen and was dissolved in a solution of chloroform/methanol (2:1v/v) to render it available for the purposes of Thinchrography (Iatro scan TH-10) and Thin-Layer Chromatography. For the quantitative measurment of phospholipids, Thinchrography was employed, in which deoxycholic acid was housed to serve the function of a internal standard.
Subsequently, the calibration curves were prepared for the quantitative measurement and collection between each phospholipid and clinical findings were analyzed.
As a result of the study, the author arrived at the following conclusions:
1. The phospholipids existing in human gingiva were identified as phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl choline, sphingomyelin by use of the Thinchrography and Thin-Layer Chromatography.
2. As deeper as the periodontal pocket was, the values of phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl choline and sphingomyelin tended to decrease.
3. As higher as the gingival index was, the values of phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl choline and sphingomyelin tended to decrease.
4. As higher as the bleeding index was, the values of phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl choline and sphingomyelin tended to decrease.

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We reported thet oral bacteria in dental plaque were arrested to penetrate into periodontal tissue by secretory IgA coating to the bacteria.
In this study, the presence and degree of non-specific coating of secretory IgA to Bacteroides melaninogenicus subsp asacchalolyticus, Bacterionema matruchotii, Lactobacillus casei, Neisseria subflava, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, Propionibacterium aches and Veillonella alcalescens were investigated. The results were as follow, Neisseria subflava, Veillonella alcalescens and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius showed intensive fluorescence on their cell walls. Propionibacterium acenes, Bacterionema matruchotii and Lactobacillus casei showed small granular and scattered fluorescence on their cell walls. However, specific fluorescence was not demonstrated on Bacteroides melaninogenicus subsp asacchalolyticus.

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Microorganisms present in the lesions of human oral cavity show varying kinds of morphological characteristics. The present survey was made in an attempt to find out a clue for the differentiation of bacterial life cycles baced on these morphological characteristics.
Employing Strep mutans JC 2, which is one of the microorganisms prevalent in the human oral cavity, its morphological changes were observed under the following 3 different consecutive conditions. As the result of optical density determination and translucent electronmicroscopic observation, characteristic morphological changes were observed as shown in the following:
1) In BHI broth, when the optical density showed the bacterial growth of logarithmic phase, the microorganisms were found to have blebs on the surface of bacterial cell walls, while at the time in the middle of the bacterial growth of stationary phase, numerous microorganisms already showed a tendency to autolysis.
2) When suspended in sterile water after cultivation in BHI broth, the bacterial cells in logarithmic phase immediately discontinued the growth and showed a tendency to autolysis.
3) When restored to BHI broth after suspending in sterile water, the bacterial cells once discontinued to grow began to proliferate if their optical density was not showing decreasing phase.

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Eugenol and rosin in the periodontal dressing materials are well known contact allergen.
The purpose of this study is to determine the optimum concentration for patch testing with liquids of four commercially available periodontal dressing ma terials (Surgical pack [SHOWA], Neodyne pack, Periodontal pack and Cello pack). Various concentration used in liquids of four commercially available periodontal materials were original liquid, 10%, 5% and 2%. Peanut oil was used as the control. These test agents were patched on nunde back region of guinea pig. Each challenge site was evaluated 24 and 48 hours after removal of patch.
The results obtained were as follows:
1. The original liquid of Surgical pack [SHOWA], Periodontal pack and Cello pack were suitable concentration with patch test.
2. The original liquid of Neodyne pack was unsuitable concentration with patch test.
3. 10%, 5% and 2% of Surgical pack [SHOWA], Neodyne pack, Periodontal pack and Cello pack were unsuitable concentration with patch test.

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Initial therapy is the most important stage to succeed in the periodontal treatment. Especially plaque control decide success of periodontal treatment. When initial therapy was done completely, initial repair may occur excellently. Recently it was experienced that the number of surgical treatment needed cases were decreased. In this study, the changes of pocket depth between the first examination and after the initial therapy were evaluated. Forty-one periodontal patients (mean age 40.8) whose plaque score (by O'Leary) were maintained less than level of ten percent, were selected.
The result obtained was as follows:
(1) At the time of re-evaluation, the mean of pocket depth at the initial examination was 4.0±1.4mm and the mean of the depth after initial therapy was 2.1±1.1mm.
(2) Seventy-six percent of initial pocket depth 3mm≤of 2750 sites, were reduced to 2mm≥.
(3) Even initial pocket depth 3.0-3.5mm were reduced, and their mean pocket depth was changed to 1.8±0.8mm.
(4) Initial pocket depth 4.0-4.5mm were reduced and their mean pocket depth was changed to 2.1±1.0mm.
(5) Initial pocket depth 5.0-5.5mm were reduced, and their mean pocket depth was changed to 2.5±1.2mm.
(6) Initial pocket depth 7mm≤were reduced, and their mean pocket depth was changed to 3.4±1.9mm.

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Our study was undertaken to establish a rational system for the dental care management and treatment of periodontal disease in mental deficient adults.
42 mental deficient adults were selected for this study. Following an initial examination comprising assessments of plaque accumulation rate (Pl. R), gingival index (G. I) and pathological pocket rate (Po. R), all participants were subjected to oral hygiene instruction only during 6 months.
At the 6 months reexamination, all participants were divided into two groups (A and B). Namely, the A-group consisted of 17 subjects who had Pl. R of≥26%, while the B-group consisted of 28 individuals who had Pl. R of≤25%.
For the subsequent 6 months, the A-group subjects were given oral hygiene instruction only as well as the first 6 months, while the B-group subjects were treated by scaling in conjunction with oral hygiene instruction.
The results were as follows:
1. In the A-group during the first 6 months (0-6M) there was significant decrease of Pl. R and G. I, but at subsequent 6 months (7-12M) Pl. R only had significantly improved.
2. In the B-group, during the first 6 months there was significant decrease of Pl. R, G. I and Po. R, but at subsequent 6 months G. I only had significantly improved.
3. In the B-group subjects who had Pl. R of≤25% at the 6-months reexamination, a great number of teeth with initial probing depth≥4mm were improved in probing depth≤3mm by oral hygiene instruction only.
The rates of the improvement were 91.2% for the teeth with initial probing depth 4mm, 51.9% for 5mm, 42.3% for 6mm, respectively.
4. In the B-group subjects, who were given scaling in conjunction with oral hygiene instruction between 7-12 months, the rates of the improvement at the 12 months reexamination were more increased than the 6 months reexamination.
The rates of the improvement were 94.7% for initial probing depth 4mm, 63% for 5mm, and 61.5% for 6mm, respectively.
But the rates of the improvement for the teeth with initial probing depth≥7mm were extremely low.

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Orthodontic procedures are frequently carried out for the improvement of periodontal disease. However, no reports of statistical investigations on the malposition of teeth have occurred with respect to the degree of periodontal disease due to orthodontic problems.
The purpose of this paper is to report a statistical analysis of 110 out patients, comprising 20 cases of gingivitis and 90 cases of periodontitis without defects in teeth, dentures, crowns, or bridges, in the Department of Periodontics of Josai Dental University Hospital. The following results were obtained:
1. Malocclusion was observed in 78.5% of the periodontal patients.
2. Malposition of teeth was obviously observed in all periodontal patients with orthodontic problems, with axiversion being the most frequently observed form of malposition.
3. A tendency toward arch length discrepancy and crowding was observed more frequently the lower arch compared with the upper arch.
4. Orthodontic problems in periodontal patients occurred in direct proportion to the degree of inflamation due to periodontal disease.
5. With respect to age, no differences were detected in the correlation between periodontal disease and orthodontic problems.

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The purpose of this investigation was to determine the efficacy of Leftose 30mg tablet (lysozyme chloride preparation) in the management of periodontal disease. 145 adults with gingivitis and/or periodontitis were volunteered in this study.
Leftose was administered systemically to 124 patients for 3 to 42 days (Leftose group), the remaining 21 patients without Leftose were compared as the control (non-Leftose group).
The following clinical measurements were carried out by scoring systems at initial examination and 3 or 7 days after treatment; (a) bleeding, (b) purulent exudation, (e) gingival inflammation, (d) swelling, (e) gingival color, (f) tooth mobility, (g) local pain, (h) halitosis, (i) calculus, (j) plaque and (k) periodontal pocket depth.
No statistically significant differences were found between Leftose group and non-Leftose group at the 0.05 level regarding changes in the clinical measurements. In Leftose group, the effectiveness was more pronounced in the cases of 7-day-administration than those of 3-day-administration. This sug gests that higher dose or longer-term administration would be needed for the treatment of Leftose.
Local theray such as brushing instruction and/or scaling was significantly effective only in the Leftose group in this limitted condition of 7 days observation (p<0.01). It is considered from this result that Leftose potentiated the effect of the local therapy, but further studies will be needed.

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Dental creams containing lysozyme chloride were applied to totalling 44 cases suffering from peridontal diseases (10 with gingivitis and 34 with periodontitis) for 4 weeks. Of these 44 cases, 22 cases were allocated to the preparation A group and the remaining 22 to the preparation B group. Investigation on their clinical efficacy revealed the following results.
1. Observing the symptomatic improvement, an improving tendency with the lapse of time in 4 symptoms including redness, swelling, hemorrhage and plaque deposition was confirmed.
2. In the evaluation of comprehensive effectiveness, out 44 cases, marked improvement was observed in 11 cases, effective in 13, slightly effective in 12 and no change in 8. Response rate was 82% (with both preparations A and B).
3. Patients' feeling of using this kind of dental creams (or liking for them) was very favourable. 82% of them wanted to continue the use of preparation A and 59% of them the use of preparation B.
4. During the period of their use, adverse reactions attributable to the use of these preparations had been observed in no case.
Judging from the above results, it may be said that the use of dental creams containing lysozyme chloride is fairly effective for the enhancement of preventive and therapeutic effectiveness against periodontal diseases. Also they have a merit of handy and simple practability in home care.

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