日本写真学会誌
Online ISSN : 1884-5932
Print ISSN : 0369-5662
ISSN-L : 0369-5662
65 巻, 5 号
選択された号の論文の11件中1~11を表示しています
  • Silver Cluster Formation and Stabilization
    Tadaaki TANI
    2002 年 65 巻 5 号 p. 315-318
    発行日: 2002/09/30
    公開日: 2011/08/11
    ジャーナル フリー
    Chemical roles of gelatin in AgBr emulsions were studied in relation to their stabilization. Ionic conductivity of AgBr grains and ultraviolet photoelectron spectra (UPS) of AgBr layers revealed that stabilizers such as TAI (4-hydroxy-6-methyl-1, 3, 3a, 7-tetraazaindene) could work by influencing the properties of AgBr grains only in the presence of gelatin. It was confirmed from the measurements of sensitometry, electrochemistry, and UPS that silver clusters as assigned to reduction sensitization centers were formed owing to the reduction of silver ions by gelatin during precipitation of AgBr grains, digestion of liquid emulsions, and storage of dried emulsion layers. One of the causes for the destabilization of AgBr emulsions was therefore the reduction of silver ions by gelatin, and was depressed by stabilizers forming scarcely soluble silver salts.
  • BIXIA Huang, YONGPING Dong, JUN Yue, ZHIXIA Zheng
    2002 年 65 巻 5 号 p. 319-322
    発行日: 2002/09/30
    公開日: 2011/08/11
    ジャーナル フリー
    The IR spectra of gelatins with added Ag+ ions were studied in order to understand the character of the interaction between silver ion and gelatin. It was found that the amino, imino and thioether groups were primary silver-binding sites of gelatin. Probably, methionine sulphone was also involved in some types of gelatins. Besides, Ag+ ion distribution in gelatin macromolecule was investigated with respect to molecular weight.
  • FENG Xu, JUN Yue, XIAOGUANG Li, NAN Tao, SHUXIN Tan
    2002 年 65 巻 5 号 p. 323-326
    発行日: 2002/09/30
    公開日: 2011/08/11
    ジャーナル フリー
    The ultra-fine silver halide particles were prepared in fish gelatin medium at the ratio of gelatin to silver as 4: 1 to 5: 1 by using double-jet precipitation method. Average size of particles, determined by TEM observation, increased from 16.6nm to 26.7nm as prolonging the addition time of the reactants from lmin to 9min or decreasing the addition rate of the reactants from 8mmol/min to 1.3mmol/min. A uniform size distribution was approached at a lower addition rate of the reactants. The sensitivity test of the ultra-fine AgBr/I particle emulsion sensitized by thiourea dioxide showed the increase in the sensitivity as increasing the amounts of thiourea dioxide added. However, the increase of sensitivity was associated with the increase in fog density. The sensitometric properties of the emulsion at low exposure intensities for long exposure times were also explored. The exposure required for the production of density (fog+0.1) in the thiourea dioxide-sensitized emulsion containing ultra-fine AgBr/I particle reduced as prolonging exposure time at low exposure intensity.
  • Otilia M. SIMION
    2002 年 65 巻 5 号 p. 327-331
    発行日: 2002/09/30
    公開日: 2011/08/11
    ジャーナル フリー
    Anionic stilbenes optical brighteners can be added to certain photographic elements, reacting with a hydrophilic ligand, preferably gelatin. Some technological implications of optical brighteners addition in gelatin systems have been investigated:
    a) the effect on viscosity as a consequence of ionic strength influence;
    b) the impact on the kinetics of the hardening process, quantifying the size of the rate constant for the cross-linking reaction of gelatin with a slow acting hardener (pseudo first order reaction), by measuring the reduction of swelling for the coated layers.
    Variations of the rate constant are given in relation to:
    -optical brighteners' concentration
    -optical brighteners' type (disulphoaminostilbene or dichloraminostilbene)
    -gelatin type (limed bone or acid bone)
    The experimental results have confirmed the structure-breaking action of optical brighteners in the gelatin network.
  • Vladimir P. OLESHKO, James M. HOWE
    2002 年 65 巻 5 号 p. 332-341
    発行日: 2002/09/30
    公開日: 2011/08/11
    ジャーナル フリー
    An overview of studies on AgX-based photographic materials and their microcomponents (AgX (X=Br, I) tabular microcrystals and nanocrystals and dispersions of color couplers) by cryo-analytical transmission electron microscopy (AEM) techniques is presented. Monte Carlo simulations of electron beam-AgX interactions are considered to clarify relationships between electron scattering and the generation of X-rays. Zero-loss electron spectroscopic diffraction and contrast tuning by filtering in the lowloss region (energy filtering transmission electron microscopy, EFTEM) was used to image the crystal morphology, defect structure as well as electron excitations in the crystals and structural features of color couplers. A low-loss fine structure in electron energy-loss spectra of AgX between 4 and 26 eV attributed to excitons and plasmons superimposed with interband transitions and many-electron effects is discussed. Local dielectric permittivities of AgX micro- and nanocrystals were evaluated in relation to a proposed assignment of exciton peaks. Combined silver and halide distributions were obtained by an electron spectroscopic three-window method and by scanning TEM/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy including elemental area mapping and line profiling. AEM studies of chemical ripening and latent image formation are also discussed. Current trends and future directions in research of AgX-based photographic systems by modern AEM techniques are outlined.
  • Mitsuo KAWASAKI, Tomoo SATO, Masashi IWASAKI
    2002 年 65 巻 5 号 p. 342-347
    発行日: 2002/09/30
    公開日: 2011/08/11
    ジャーナル フリー
    A spectro-voltammetric analysis, in which an in situ time-resolved absorption spectroscopy with a 2 ms time resolution was combined with a fast-scan CV or with a potential step method, is introduced as a useful method to illuminate the unique redox properties of layered J-aggregate of cyanine dyes, as organized on a cysteamine-modified Au (111) surface. The in-situ time-resolved absorption spectra of the J-aggregate provided direct spectroscopic evidence for the reversible J-aggregate oxidation and a convenient way to monitor the oxidized mole fraction in the J-aggregate in real time. The potential step method enabled us to observe the reversible redox equilibrium of the layered J-aggregate. The experimental data were analyzed in the framework of the ideal Nernst equation to extract the standard potential for the J-aggregate oxidation and to examine the extent of non-ideality caused at higher oxidation levels due to the repulsive interactions between dye positive holes. The standard potential for the J-aggregate oxidation in the model system was substantially more negative than that known for the monomer by-0.14V. Implications of the results for spectral sensitization phenomena are also discussed.
  • Takatsugu SUZUKI, Shinichi DAIBA, Shuichi SUGITA, Fumio ISHII
    2002 年 65 巻 5 号 p. 348-352
    発行日: 2002/09/30
    公開日: 2011/08/11
    ジャーナル フリー
    A new type of 1H-pyrazolo [5, 1-c][1, 2, 4] triazole magenta couplers which produce dyes having high light stability was developed. The most peculiar characteristic to these couplers is that they have a ballast group that can form the intramolecular hydrogen bond in the forming dyes with an oxidized color developing agent. The conformations of the CD-3 azomethine dyes derived from these couplers were calculated by using Boltzmann Jump method and the most stable structure was speculated. The calculation results suggested that the ballast group would protect the dye nucleus by means of the intramolecular hydrogen bond in the most stable conformer. This steric protection was expected to prevent the attack of the reactive materials such as singlet oxygen (1O2) against the dye, and as a result, to enhance the light stability of the dye. When the dye had a ballast group containing a betaalanine moiety, the steric protection was supposed to be particularly effective. It was demonstrated that the dyes possessing the plural intramolecular hydrogen bonds significantly enhance light stability. In order to prove this assumption, two types of CD-3 dyes were synthesized and their behaviors were investigated. One was the dye derived from the coupler containing a beta-alanine moiety and the other was the dye derived from the coupler not containing a beta-alanine moiety. The two types of dyes were analyzed by HPLC and 1HNMR. The results showed the intramolecular hydrogen bond was formed in the dye derived from the couplers containing a beta-alanine moiety. It was demonstrated that the intramolecular hydrogen bond is strongly related to enhancement of the light stability.
  • Mitchell R. ROSEN, Francisco H. IMAI, Mark D. FAIRCHILD, Noboru OHTA
    2002 年 65 巻 5 号 p. 353-362
    発行日: 2002/09/30
    公開日: 2011/08/11
    ジャーナル フリー
    Commercialization of spectral imaging for color reproduction will require low bandwidth but highly accurate spectral image acquisition systems. Self-adapting systems are proposed as potential solutions. Such systems perform spectral content analysis on an encountered scene, reacting to the analysis by configuring efficient high quality spectral reconstruction. An experiment is reported comparing scene-derived spectral estimation transforms to static global transforms in multi-channel imaging simulations. For noise-free simulations, the adaptive approach showed clear benefit in terms of colorimetric and spectral statistics. When noise was added, the adaptive method continued to be superior in terms of spectral evaluations, but colorimetric degradation for the adaptive approach exceeded that of the static. This provided additional evidence that spectral reconstruction methods should reference psychometrics as an integral part of spectral error management.
  • Mari YAMAMOTO, Yang-Hwan LIM, Naokazu AOKI, Hiroyuki KOBAYASHI
    2002 年 65 巻 5 号 p. 363-368
    発行日: 2002/09/30
    公開日: 2011/08/11
    ジャーナル フリー
    The preferred color reproduction of flesh color was surveyed for 10's to 60's observers in Japan and South Korea to investigate the influence of the regional effects upon it for all generations. The mean Chroma (C*ab) of the flesh colors accepted by 50% or more of the Korean observers was higher than that of accepted by the Japanese observers in all generation. The mean hue-angle (hab) of the flesh colors accepted by the Korean observers was in the direction of yellow, compared with that accepted by the Japanese observers. The mean L* value of the Japanese observers was significantly higher than the Korean observers in all generation. The elderly observers (40's and over) accepted more pinkish flesh colors than the young observers (20's and under) in the both countries. The results showed that the preferred flesh color were different between Japan and Korea for all generations and that a certain tendency was observed in the difference.These suggest that preferred flesh colors are influenced by the regional and cultural factors. The common age dependence observed in the two countries could be refered to the physiological factor, such as crystalline lens browning.
  • Lujun PAN, Taichi HAYASHIDA, Yoshikazu NAKAYAMA
    2002 年 65 巻 5 号 p. 369-372
    発行日: 2002/09/30
    公開日: 2011/08/11
    ジャーナル フリー
    Carbon tubule nanocoils produced by the catalytic thermal decomposition of acetylene have good electric conductivity and excellent mechanical strength, which enable them to be applied to electronic devices. We have fabricated field emitters using carbon nanocoils with different diameters and lengths. The field emission measurement shows that the turn-on voltages of carbon nanocoil field emitters are dependent on the diameters of the coiled tubules. Decreasing the thickness of iron film and the flow rate of acetylene gas can decrease the average diameter of grown carbon nanocoils. Decreasing the growth time can obviously decrease the average length of the coils. It is expected to use carbon nanocoils with small diameter and short length to fabricate high performance flat panel display, which is driven at low voltage and has high resolution and brightness.
  • Takahiro NAGAMI, Lujun PAN, Seiji AKITA, Yoshikazu NAKAYAMA
    2002 年 65 巻 5 号 p. 373-376
    発行日: 2002/09/30
    公開日: 2011/08/11
    ジャーナル フリー
    Thermally stimulated current measurements for polysilanes with aromatic substituents have been performed to investigate the behavior of trapping and release of charge carriers. Different kinds of the substituents (phenyl, p-tolyl and m-tolyl) with and without the orientation of the main chains are examined. It is found that the trapped carriers are released at some specific temperatures exhibiting the endothermic motion of polysilanes but cannot be released completely in one scan of the measurement. This behavior has been analyzed by introducing a concept of the temperature-dependent lifetime of trapped carriers. It is considered that the aromatic substituents in polysilanes form π-π states to be trapping centers for holes and the trapped holes are released by the endothermic motions of the substituents. The analysis reveals that 1) the substituents examined have two principal holereIease peaks at 215K-219K and 226K-234K, 2) the orientation broadens the peak widths, and 3) the orientation also shifts the peaks to higher temperatures for polysilanes with phenyl and p-tolyl but not for polysilanes with m-tolyl because of its strong steric hindrance.
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