Journal of Photopolymer Science and Technology
Online ISSN : 1349-6336
Print ISSN : 0914-9244
ISSN-L : 0914-9244
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Volume 10, Issue 1
Displaying 1-26 of 26 articles from this issue
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  • The Photopolymer Science and Technology Award
    Masayuki Endo
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 1 Pages 3-5
    Published: 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2494/photopolymer.10.3
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  • The Photopolymer Science and Technology Award
    Shinzo Morita
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 1 Pages 7-8
    Published: 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2494/photopolymer.10.7
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  • The Photopolymer Science and Technology Award
    Makoto Nakase
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 1 Pages 9-12
    Published: 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2494/photopolymer.10.9
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  • Mechanism of Photo-Induced Liquid Crystal Alignment on Polyvinyl cinnamate Surface
    Xiang Tong Li, Hiroshi Saitoh, Hiroyuki Nakamura, Shunsuke Kobayashi, ...
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 1 Pages 13-17
    Published: 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2494/photopolymer.10.13
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    The photopolymer material of poly(vinyl cinnamate) (PVCi) has been used to align liquid crystal molecules using linearly-polarized UV light, and the LC alignment mechanism on the films has been investigated. Comparing the LC alignment on rubbed PVCi films with that on UV-exposed PVCi film, it is shown that the side chains of PVCi molecules strongly interact with the LC molecules on the PVCi films and thus the alignment mechanism on linearly-polarized UV-exposed PVCi films is due to the anisotropic van der Waals interaction between LC molecules and optically-anisotropic PVCi films arising from the photo-induced anisotropic side chain distribution on the films. We also study the thermal stability of UV- exposed PVCi films, and clarify the improvement of the thermal stability with increasing UV exposure energy.
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  • Wide Viewing Angle Properties in Nematic Liquid Crystal/ UV Curable Liquid Crystal Composite Films with Some Aligned-Modes
    Rumiko Yamaguchi, Yutaka Waki, Susumu Sato
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 1 Pages 19-24
    Published: 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2494/photopolymer.10.19
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    Liquid crystal l polymer composite (LCPC) films can be electrically switched from a light scattering off-state to a transparent on-state due to the refractive index mismatch or match between the polymer matrix and LC. We have proposed novel LCPC films prepared using a UV curable liquid crystal (UVCLC) as a polymer matrix material, which has an anisotropic optical property in contrast with an isotropic polymer matrix of conventional LCPC films. We investigate the optical properties of nematic LC/UVCLC composite films with homogeneous-, twisted- and hybrid-modes. All of these films show a reverse mode property which have a transparent off-state and light scattering on-state, and wide viewing angle properties in both states. The refractive index match or mismatch is discussed through the relation between the incident light angle and optical axes of the LC and UVCLC.
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  • Properties and Application of UV-Curable Liquid Crystals
    Hiroshi Hasebe, Kiyofumi Takeuchi, Haruyoshi Takatsu
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 1 Pages 25-30
    Published: 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2494/photopolymer.10.25
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    Some classes of UV-curable liquid crystals which are monoacrylates having no methylene spacers in a side chain have been prepared. The UV-curable liquid crystals have effects to reduce the driving voltage and the hysteresis for a light scattering display of Polymer Network liquid crystals prepared by photo-polymerization-induced phase separation. The alignment of nematic liquid crystals on the cured polymer of monomers including the UV-curable liquid crystals varies with the concentration in monomers. The cured polymer of the UV-curable liquid crystals in liquid crystalline host has polymer stabilization effect and has less influence on the motion of liquid crystalline host.
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  • Fluorinated Polyimides for Optical Applications
    Tohru Matsuura
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 1 Pages 31-36
    Published: 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2494/photopolymer.10.31
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    Fluorinated polyimides are synthesized for optical application. They have good thermal stability, low water absorption, high optical transparency in visible and near-infraredregions, and refravtive index controllability. Film optical waveguide is fabricated using the fluorinated co-polyimides. This optical waveguide has single-mode and low optical loss of less than 0.3 dB/cm at the telecommunication wavelength of 1.3μm. This waveguide has high thermal and environmental stability.
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  • Photosensitive Polyimides with Second-order Nonlinear Optical Property
    Mitsuru Ueda, Yoshimasa Sakai, Tomonari Nakayama, Osamu Haba, Yoshihik ...
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 1 Pages 37-41
    Published: 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2494/photopolymer.10.37
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    NLO side-chain polyamic acid was prepared by the ring-opening polyaddition of aromatic dianhydrides, bis(4-aminophenyl) ether, and diamines containing a nonlinear optical chromophore, [4, 4′-diamino-4″-(4-nitrophenyl)diazenyl]triphenylamine. The polymers con- taining 30wt% of 2, 3, 4-tris[1-oxo-2-diazonaphthoquinone-5-sulfonyloxy]benzophenone (5- DNQ) functioned as an alkaline developable photosensitive resist, and converted to polyimides by thermal treatment. The resists showed a sensitivity of 1J•m-2 and a high contrast with UV light when they were developed with 0.5% tetramethylammonium hydroxide solution.
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  • Development of Alignment Layer for Antiferroelectric Liquid Crystal Display Devices
    Yoshi-ichi Suzuki, Shun-ichi Koide, Yurvaj Singh Negi, Masa-aki Kakimo ...
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 1 Pages 43-48
    Published: 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2494/photopolymer.10.43
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    A series of polymer alignment layers consisting of fluoro and non-fluoro polyimide, polyamide-imide and polyamide were developed for antiferroelectric liquid crystal display devices. These polymer alignment layers were evaluated for their electrooptical properties. The alignment characteristics such as double hysteresis behavior and driving margin strongly depend upon the polymer alignment structure. Alignment layers with less hindered or linear diamine unit in the polymer backbone showed superiority, in comparison with sterically hindered diamine, in aligning and electrooptical properties of antiferroelectric liquid crystal devices.
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  • Absorption and Fluorescence Spectra and Thermal Properties of Novel Transparent Polyimides
    Qinghua Li, Kazuyuki Hone, Rikio Yokota
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 1 Pages 49-54
    Published: 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2494/photopolymer.10.49
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    Ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra and fluorescence spectra of PI(6FDA/DCHM) and PI(6FDA/PDA) were investigated, as well as their thermal properties. Both PI(6FDA/DCHM) and PI(6FDA/PDA) showed high transparency in the visible region. Inter- and intra-molecular charge transfer were weakened by introducing fluorinated dianhydride, 6FDA, and/or alicyclic dicyclohexyldiamine, DCHM, in polyimide main chains. Excitation-wavelength dependence was found in the fluorescence spectra, which suggests inhomogeneous, less ordered aggregation in polyimide films including 6FDA or DCHM. Both PI(6FDA/DCHM) and PI(6FDA/PDA) had glass transition temperature, Tg of about 250°C from the TMA measurements, which proved that thermal stability of polyimides was not reduced by introducing the alicyclic group.
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  • Positive-Working Alkaline-Developable Photosensitive Polyimide Precursor Based on Poly(amic acid) and Dissolution Inhibitor
    Osamu Haba, Masaki Okazaki, Tomonari Nakayama, Mitsuru Ueda
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 1 Pages 55-60
    Published: 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2494/photopolymer.10.55
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    A poly(amic acid) (PAA) was prepared by ring-opening polyaddition of 4, 4′-hexafluoroisopropyridenebis(phthalic anhydride) and 1, 3-bis(4-aminophenoxy)benzene. The PAA film was very soluble to a tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) aqueous solution, whereas the dissolution inhibitor, 2, 3, 4-tris(1-oxo-2-diazonaphthoquinone-5-sulfonyloxy)-benzophenone (D5SB) effectively suppresses the solubility. This film could lead to polyimide exhibiting good thermal stability. An UV-vis.spectrum of the PAA film indicated excellent tranceparency to i-line (365nm) and the PAA containing 20wt% of D5SB showed a sensitivity of 100mJ/cm2 and contrast of 7.1, after exposed to i-line followed by developing with a 0.1% TMAH aq. at room temperture. When this pattern printed film was heated at 200°C for 24hour to derive polyimide film, the pattern was maintained without any flow through the imidization.
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  • A Photoreactive Polyimide with Main-Chain Chalcone Moiety
    Ke Feng, Toshihiko Matsumoto, Toshikazu Kurosaki
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 1 Pages 61-66
    Published: 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2494/photopolymer.10.61
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    A fully imidized photosensitive polyimide with a chalcone moiety in the main chain was developed. It was derived from 4, 4′-diaminochalcone and 6FDA (2, 2-bis(3, 4-dicarboxyphenyl) hexafluoropropane dianhydride). The polyimide was characterized and its photochemical behavior was investigated in the film state and in the solution using UV and IR spectroscopy. The polyimide exhibited a good thermal stability (5% weight loss temperature at 485°C) and a high glass transition temperature of 267°C as well as an excellent solubility even in low polar solvents such as 1, 4-dioxane and chloroform. This negative working polyimide also possessed a photosensitivity of 130mJ/cm2 with a high contrast of 3.4 when exposed to light from a Xenon lamp.
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  • A New Type Terminal Functionalized Photosensitive Polyimide Resin
    Synthesis and Characteristics
    Kei Sakamoto, Kenichi Ito, Akira Tanaka
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 1 Pages 67-72
    Published: 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2494/photopolymer.10.67
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    A new type terminal functionalized photosensitive polyimide resin comprising terminal functionalized polyamic acid. acrylate monomer, photosensitizer and tetrazole derivatives has been developed. Structure of polyamic acid can be easily changed by the selection of diamines and acid di-anhvdrides without any effect on the photosensitivity, because the photosensitive units are located only at the both terminals of the polyamic acid. Therefore. the control of thermal expansion coefficient and control of film properties are easily allowed. The new photosensitive polyimide which has carboxylic groups in polyamic acid forms a undesirable residual layer on copper. It is found that an addition of tetrazole derivatives to the system drastically prevents the formation of residual layer which permits this photosensitive polyimide to produce fine patterns on copper substrates. Mechanism of tetrazole derivatives to prevent residual layer formation is discussed.
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  • NOVEL DIFFUSION PROTECTIVE COATINGS FOR COPPER/POLYIMIDE MCM
    Daisuke Mizutani, Yasuhiro Yoneda, Yoshikatsu Ishizuki, Kishio Yokouch ...
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 1 Pages 73-77
    Published: 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2494/photopolymer.10.73
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    The effect of two novel diffusion protective coating methods for Cu/polyimide interface, chromate treatment and 1H-tetrazole addition, have been investigated. The protective coating layer of chromate was less than a few nm thick. The Cr structure of the chromate film was assigned as Cr-oxide. 1H-tetrazole which was added into the polyamic acid was effective inhibitor for Cu/polyamic acid reaction. We have confirmed that our protective coatings, the chromate treatment and 1H-tetrazole addition, prevented the Cu diffusion into the polyimide films. Both of these protective coatings are effective and practical from an application point of view.
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  • A Novel Thermally Stable Polymer-Polyquinoline
    Koichi Kamijima, Makoto Kaji, Shinji Iioka, Yoshihiko Honda, Virgil J. ...
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 1 Pages 79-82
    Published: 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2494/photopolymer.10.79
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  • Nuclear Substituent Effects on Hetero-cycle Containing Rigid-rod Polyimide
    SEI-ICHI MUKAI
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 1 Pages 83-90
    Published: 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2494/photopolymer.10.83
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    The nuclear-substituent effects on rigid-rod polyimide was discussed, through the benzobisthiazole containing poly p-phenylenepyromelliteimide (PIBT)-related system. The noticeable effect was observed in terms of the retrogressive gel forming tendency through the chemical cyclization of polyamide acid solution. The solubility-up of the partially imidized precursors is derived from the enhancement of the backbone chains' motional freedom and assumed to be effective for the backbone chains're-alignments to build up the high-modulus ordered structures. Such assumption is certificated by the tensile improvement in PIBT-2-CH3 (2-CH3 -substituted) cast films as shown below, or the WAXD profile which is analogous to that of PIBT(non- substituted) uniaxially drawn films.
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  • SURFACE FUNCTIONALIZATION OF POLYMERS UNDER COLD PLASMA CONDITIONS-A MECHANISTIC APPROACH
    Ferencz Denes, Raymond A. Young, Majid Sarmadi
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 1 Pages 91-112
    Published: 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2494/photopolymer.10.91
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    Cold plasma conditions offer a novel route for synthesizing and depositing macromolecular structures on various organic and inorganic surfaces, and to functionalize in a controlled manner even the most inert polymeric substrates. The energies of active species of plasma are high enough to split all chemical bonds from organic and organometallic derivatives and consequently, tailored macromolecular structures can be created through controlled recombination of plasma generated charged and neutral molecular fragments. Non- macromolecular forming active species of organic- or inorganic-origin can interact with polymeric surfaces creating desired, new thin layer structures through in situ or ex-situ recombination mechanisms initiated between the plasma generated active sites of the condensed and gaseous phases. Understanding the plasma induced reaction mechanisms developed in the gas phase and on the surfaces which limit the discharge opens up rational ways to create materials with advanced surface characteristic, such as chemical inertness, advanced hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity, selective reactivity (molecular recognition), intense surface roughness, etc.
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  • Photoresist Ashing by Atmospheric Pressure Glow Plasma
    Kensuke Taniguchi, Kunihito Tanaka, Tadaaki Inomata, Masuhiro Kogoma
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 1 Pages 113-118
    Published: 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2494/photopolymer.10.113
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    We investigated the mechanism and application of photoresist ashing by means of atmospheric pressure glow (APG) plasma. APG plasma using a mixture gas of He and O2 could ash the photoresist with a rate of about 1μm•min-1, which was roughly the same value as that of O2 plasma ashing at a low pressure. The dependences of etch-rate on O2 gas flow rate, discharge power and substrate temperature suggested that the APG plasma ashing process was mainly the oxidation of the photoresist by oxygen radicals. The XPS and optical emission spectroscopy suggested that excited helium promoted the desorption of oxides on the surface of the photoresist. To reduce cost, we tried to use Ar, acetone (Ac) and O2 mixture gas instead of He and O2 mixture gas. Ar/Ac/O2 plasma could etch the photoresist as fast as He /O2 plasma, although the O2 content was one sixth of that of He/O2 plasma. Minute area ashing using a pray type discharge tube was also investigated. Its ashing rate was the fastest, about 4.0μm•min-1, when Ar/O2 mixture gas was used.
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  • Morphology of Graft Polymerized Membranes of Alkyl Methacrylate and Their Pervaporation Properties
    Hongyuan Wang, Xiao Lin, Kazuhiro Tanaka, Hidetoshi Kita, Kenichi Okam ...
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 1 Pages 119-122
    Published: 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2494/photopolymer.10.119
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    Glycidylmethacrylate(GMA) and Methylacrylate were grafted onto porous high density polyethylene membranes by plasma-induced graft polymerization to prepare membranes for pervaporation(PV) of benzene/cyclohexane liquid mixtures. Effects of conditions of plasma-induced graft polymerization on morphological structures and PV properties of the membranes were investigated. The grafted membranes with GMA showed good PV performance.
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  • Surface Effects of Plasma Treatments on Some Biodegradable Polymers
    Toshihiro Hirotsu, Takashi Masuda, Yuko Matumura, Masao Takahashi
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 1 Pages 123-128
    Published: 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2494/photopolymer.10.123
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    Some biodegradable polymers of as poly(γ-lactone) and poly(succinate) were surface-treated by glow discharge plasmas under an appropriate condition, and the effects were investigated with respect to the weight loss, surface morphology change, and bio-degradation. The weight loss rates by oxidative plasmas were in general higher than those for a polyester sheet made of poly (ethylene terephthalate). After glow discharge treatments, the characteristic surface morphology appeared by the observation of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Surface became more wettable, and activated by plasma treatments. Bio-degradation of these polymers was investigated in composts under appropriate condition, and the effects were discussed.
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  • Plasma Treatment of Polymer Films by Several Techniques
    Manabu Ito, Kazuyoshi Ro, Noritoshi Tomikawa, Haruo Uyama
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 1 Pages 129-134
    Published: 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2494/photopolymer.10.129
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    Organosilicons, in particlular tctracthoxyorthosilicate(TEOS) and hexamethyldisiloxanc(HMDSO) have been plasma-polymerized in radio frequency discharge on polyethylene terephthalate(PET) and polypropyrene(PP). Films were formed as function of plasma power, electrode distance, working pressure. For reference, PP and PET were modified by Ar or oxygen plasma. The surface properties of the treated films were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron(XPS) spectroscopy and contact angle measurements. In order to identify the excited species in the discharge, optical emission spectroscopy was carried out. It was concluded that using oragnosilicons and varying the process parameters, the surface wettability can controlled to hydrophilic or hydrophobic.
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  • Nature of Auto-Oxidations on Plasma-Induced Surface Radicals of Polyethylene Studied by Electron Spin Resonance
    Masayuki Kuzuya, Masami Sugito, Shin-ichi Kondo
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 1 Pages 135-138
    Published: 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2494/photopolymer.10.135
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  • Effect of Plasma Treatment of Glass Fabrics on the Mechanical Strength of Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composites
    Yu Iriyama, Masato Taira, Tatsuhiko Ihara, Takashi Matsuoka
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 1 Pages 139-142
    Published: 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2494/photopolymer.10.139
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  • Surface Property of Plasma Deposited Copolymer Films Using Chlorofluorocarbon with Ethylene Monomer
    Osamu Tsuji, Takeshi Minaguchi, Hirohiko Nakano, Toshiaki Tatsuta
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 1 Pages 143-147
    Published: 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2494/photopolymer.10.143
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    We report a study of plasma polymerized copolymer films using an r.f. plasma (13.56MHz), were deposited CFC-113 with C2 hydrocarbon monomer such as ethane (C2H6), ethylene (C2H4) and acetylene (C2H2) monomers at a different mole ratios. We established an effect of the mixing ratio of CFCs with C2 hydrocarbon monomers, the film properties were measured as a function of mole ratio [CFCs:C2H4] as well as refractive index (1.3-1.45), density (1.6-2.0g/cm3) respectively obtained. The contact angle of the water for copolymer were obtained 97°-104° when the mole ratio of 1:1 (CFCs:C2H4), also due to increases the CFCs concentration, the adhesion strength of the copolymer on glass was 50% increased. The adhesion strength is much corresponding with hydrocarbon and fluorine concentration on the polymer surfaces at various mole ratios of chlorofluorocarbon and C2H4 monomer. We also obtained deposition profiles of copolymer film shows good step coverage (80%) on metallic underlayer materials.
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  • Observation of surface morphology of plasma polymerized film by Atomic Force Microscope (AFM)
    Daisuke Sato, Toshihiro Suwa, Masa-aki Kakimoto, Yoshio Imai
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 1 Pages 149-150
    Published: 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2494/photopolymer.10.149
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  • SURFACE GRAFTING OF NANOMETER SCALE HYDROCARBON FILMS
    G.K. Vinogradov, G. Yusa, T. Uchida, S. Morita
    1997 Volume 10 Issue 1 Pages 151-158
    Published: 1997
    Released on J-STAGE: August 04, 2006
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2494/photopolymer.10.151
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    An organic monomer was grafted on a pulsed plasma polymerized film in a monomer vapor, where styrene (ST), methylmethacrylate(MMA) and others were used as a monomer. The processes were monitored by a quartz crystal microbalance. The grafting was not observed on a clean gold film. Time dependence of grafted film thickness showed a peak at the initial stage of grafting. Therefore it was supposed that some chaged sites traped monomers. The grafted thickness of a few nm suggests that the number of grafted monomer is a few. The initial stage of plasma polymerization and grafting were discuused in this paper.
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