Quanjing is the first document that gives a comprehensive survey of Chinese civilian martial arts. It presumably affected greatly the establishment of martial arts of following generations, especially Taichi, and is an epoch-making material in the history of Chinese martial arts.

No past studies, however, discussed why martial arts, which are less effective than armed martial arts in actual fighting, were adopted as military martial arts in wartime and what part of Quanjing connected civilian martial arts and Taichi. This research aims to clarify the concept of Quanjing and its role. The following is the writer's analysis.

As to the concept, Quanjing indicates that martial arts have two concepts. One is the “toward others" concept that includes self-defense, basics of armed martial arts, and developing a robust body to overpower an enemy. The other is the “toward oneself" concept that emphasizes the physical aspect of turning a weak body into a robust one. Unlike Japanese martial arts that emphasize the spiritual aspect, Chinese martial arts tend to focus more on training the body than on disciplining the mind. This characterizes the difference between Japanese martial arts and Chinese martial arts.

As to the role, martial arts are intended to help people train their hands, feet, and limbs to build the base of a robust body for martial arts, and are evaluated highly as the base to support actual fighting, though they are not of direct help in a war.

The establishment of Quanjing changed civilian martial arts that had the limited concept of killing and wounding others and consolidated them into martial arts that share the “toward oneself" concept focusing on the body. This is an important point that connected the ancient civilian martial arts and Taichi, and was an epoch-making event in establishing martial arts with the concept of health promotion in the modern Chinese martial arts.

Thirty-two motor ability tests were administered to 304 kindergarten children ranging from 2 to 6 years of age in order to investigate reliability, validity and practicability of motor ability tests to be administered to young children. The following results were obtained.

1) In reliability, 25 items by product moment correlation coefficient and 29 items by intra-class correlation coefficient were reliable, showing the correlation coefficient over .6.

2) In validity, 31 items except for the T-Ball were significantly valid because of significant correlations between these items and the internal validity and criterion-related validity by age, physique and subjective ratings of motor ability.

3) Most items with high Administration Feasibility and Safety included fine or stable movements and could be measured indoors. However, low items needed a wide measuring space, many testers and involved tasks which had more active movements.

4) The items evaluated high in Difficulty and Understanding of Familiarity and Acceptance were related to simple movements. Additionally, the low ones were rated low in Pervading Motor Movement in Daily Life. Conversely, the items with high Motivation and Discomfort were performed in a wide space and children had no interest in motor tasks concerning flexibility, maintaining a body balancing position and repetitive movements.

After conducting item analysis, a new test battery including 17 items was proposed. One hundred and fifty-one children ranging from 3 to 6 years of age were measured with this battery test. The principal component analysis was applied to the correlation matrix computed with the data. All 17 items had significant loadings in the first component, indicating that this test battery measured the same single motor ability. Correlation between the principal component score and age and t-test between age groups by gender demonstrated that the test battery could effectively verify the development of motor ability with advancing age.

As specific characteristics of Japanese archery I can mention the following: the practical quality; the religious quality; the artistic quality; the educational quality and the competitive quality.In paticular, in the pre-modern times the artistic and educational qualities are emphasized.

As a one-sided competitive form of Japanese archery,Dosha-archery became popular at around the 17^th and 18^th century.Dosha-archery cleared already a few hundred years ago many of the conditions and charactristics which modern sports are made up with,like:

① ensuring safety for human life

② parting from particular religions, ideas, and schools; and adopting instead a public and open competitive quality

③ having a democratic system and management

④ having equal opportunities in competitions and cotests

⑤ establishing competition regulations and standards for evaluation

⑥ quantifying of competitions and challenges to records

⑦ establishing rational training methods

Considering Dosha-archery in a number of ways dealing with modern Budo and sports such as, subdividing of competitive items and the problem of doping are meaningful and significant.

The purpose of this study was to clarify the career developing process on the elite Football Players in Korea high school, and their condition of ongoing career life and career orientation 212 elite high school players were chosen from 7 high school. The main results were as follows.

1) Most of the subject started a football when they were in elementary school. They decided their career as a football player by themselves. In addition their coach influenced their decision making.

2) The economic environment of their family is not high. It was guessed that the half of them (45.7%) played Football to improve their social status. This result supports a part of findings on accords with “Study of sports and Social mobility" in North American Sports Sociology.

3) They did not study as they were in the upper grades because they were devoted to football excessively. On the other hand, they were worring whether they continued to play football because they were required their academic background in the society. A conflict between football career and academic background is connected with the second carrier problem.

4) When they finished high school most of them chose to go to college first and then become the professional player.

5) They imagined that they continue associating with football in their future.