This study aims at identifying the psychological mechanism for consensus building using a barrier-free road construction project in a local urban area. First, questionnaires were distributed to the local residents who attended the residents' committee meetings concerning the project. Questionnaires were distributed before the first meeting and at the end of subsequent meetings, and collected after the meetings. One-way analysis of variance for within-subject design and structural equation modeling were applied to the collected data. As a result, it was found that 1) fair meetings significantly increased public trust in administrative authorities and the rating of procedural justice, 2) whether the locals would agree to the project or not before the meeting was strongly depended on their trust in administrative authorities and 3) after getting project information in the meeting, the committee determined whether or not to accept the project based on the validity of the project. The shift of factors of attitude formation as shown in the third finding has not yet been reported byany fairness studies in the field of psychology, so it is of high academic value.

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It is well-known that underground construction project often include various riskfactors which cause cost variation in the construction process. Among the various factors, this studyfocuses on unforeseeable geological condition in underground construction projects such as tunnels and rock caverns. In general, though in-situ geological survey such as boring are conducted prior to construction, in order to investigate geological condition. However, the method to evaluate the value of in-situ geological investigation is not established yet.
From such a viewpoint, this study adopts the methodology that models the uncertainty of the geological conditions as probability function by using by using indicator-kriging, which is a method of geostatistics. And this paper also presents the basic concept to estimate the variation of the construction cost obtained from evaluation of foundation by risk-curve, which is normally adapted in the fmancial engineering.
In addition, this study performs a case study on such ways to demonstrate how geotechnical risk affects the construction cost of an actual rock cavern construction project, and examinesthe return on investment of investigations based on the insights obtained from the case study. Finally, results points out that the proposed method is very effective to clearly quantify the value of in-situ geological investigation such as boreholes.

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In the planning and constructing of a large-scale infrastructure project, taking account of uncertainty is important especially under a severe fiscal constraint.
However, there is no practical framework for the analysis of a phased infrastructure-improvement plan such as the one for the Kansai International Airport.
This paper shows a practical method of making a phased plan by using the binomial-tree method in real options.

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The aim of this study is to clarify the problems in managing the participatory process aiming at promoting a citizen's organization. Such participatory process is to be conducted by various kinds of meetings for several years. In this study, process of participatory planning and activities are analyzed in waterfront revitalization project in Komatsushima City as a case study.
As results, the management for participants to form some group who attend continuously the meeting was found important.
In addition, the author showed the possibility to use the social network index for the management of participatory process.

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To begin with, the difference of final project cost and predicted project cost is investigated from the business execution example in a past for the example of the expressway development in this paper, and the uncertainty of the predicted project cost is grasped. Next, the degree of the uncertainty of the cost-benefit analysis in planning stage is grasped by the simulation approach. In addition, it tries to examine which degree cost calculation result the fluctuation of the parameter which constitutes the cost benefit ratio affects, in the sensitivity analysis.
The result shows that the effect of the uncertainty of the predicted project cost is dominant. Therefore, the predicted project cost is stochastically set, and it is concluded that the cost-benefit analysis has to be again stochastically carried out.

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Owners in the public sector and contractors in the private sector have traditionally conducted the diverse management tasks of public works in Japan.
Construction management (CM) system, where partial commissions of such management tasks are conducted by third sector, has introduced into some public works on a trial basis in recent years. Its effectiveness and possibility for substantial introduction of CM system are now under investigation.
The application of CM system requires well-defined needs and expectations for construction management, well-defined scopes of services and responsibilities of the CM service providers, and estimates of appropriate costs for management tasks.
This paper especially, examines the specific scopes and contents of management services, appropriate cost estimates, and recommended incentives. This paper also clarifies some concerned issues for applying CM system into public works in near future.

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This study proposes a new management system for facilitating Consensus-building in infrastructure developments. Recently, confrontation between citizen and administration is focused on necessity of infrastructure developments or it's plan in each community. The system concerning citizen participation or public involvement is not enough established, and the person in charge of the spot doesn't have the means enough to facilitate the processes reaching consensus. Incentive management was designed as a technical method to drives some incentives, which is using the drama theoretic model, involving dynamically condition changes. Incentive management applied to two types of road construction projects in Japan. Results support the feasibility of the management system including technical tools for diagnostic and providing a prescription.

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The purpose of this paper is to explain that Lean Construction introduced from Lean Production System, which derived from TOYOTA Production System, is effective to construction site. First of all, the author describes the outline of Lean Production, Lean Construction and Rethinking Construction. Then the author explains examples adopting standard operating procedure documents (SOPD) and visualization into construction site and effectiveness of those adaptations. SOPD and visualization are tools of Lean Production. Finally, the paper explains that a PDCA cycle using visualization and SOPD are essential for motivating kaizen (improvement). It also suggests that a strong commitment by top management is required to prevent stereotyped work.

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Japan's electric power industry faces a major turning point in the trend toward deregulation due to an expansion in the scope of deregulation in the retail electricity market and the launch of the Japan Electric Power Exchange in April 2005. Enhancing Competitiveness of Wholesale Power Business, J-POWER (Electric Power Development Co.) commenced an Integrated Contract System of Facility Maintenance with a subsidiary company to improve an efficiency of business, strengthen a technical ability and reduce costs.
Integrated Contract System of Facility Maintenance is constructed by a complete coverage contract with the subsidiary company for the whole annual facility maintenance and independent maintenance proposal of facility maintenance by the subsidiary company itself. In this system, a communication between J-POWER and the subsidiary company is one of the problems. We use 4D-CAD to understand complicated construction situation each other.

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Land readjustment projects in densely built-up area are often prolonged by relocations of many buildings. To prevent the prolongation, buildings are pulled down and newly built at another site. However, in such cases, many building owners have to live in temporary houses and this raises project costs.
This paper aims to develop a method to reduce total temporary housing period and cost by shortening free floats and total floats of network scheduling method.
Main results are as follows:
1) The result of application to a model project shows the validity of proposed method which shorten the free floats between building removal and the end of temporary housing.
2) The proposed method reduced about 5%-20% of temporary housing periods and costs in three practical projects.
3) It can be said that the proposed method is effective for reducing project cost and for consensus-building.

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The Inspection sheet of Tunnel lining was developed in process of study of a Tunnel management system. The Inspection sheet of Tunnel lining can quantify the condition of tunnels and express with the DI (Deteriorate Index) value. It turned out that volatility of DI Value is generated on the check item and weight point of an Inspection sheet of Tunnel lining and the level of an inspection person. These volatilities were defined as the “Risk”and, the influence to the LCC by it was considered. Consequently, when ±25% of volatility of DI value existed, it turns out that a +6% through -21% risk (modeling risk) exists in LCC. From now on, it aims at reducing the modeling risk and the human risk by the inspection person, and raising the accuracy of a LCC estimation system.

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The Law for anti-pollution of soil in Japan was enforced in February 2003. Its purpose was to resolve issues of soil/groundwater contamination caused by past industrial operations. As site restorations were pushed forward, these issues generated serious damages such as an interruption of business and a fall of the real estate value.
In this paper, we examined three cases, which risks surfaced in contaminated sites, and a case which we treated the soil polluted with dioxins based on a good relationship with local results. By analyzing these cases, we identified that a site restoration is a business with new aspects that we have not experienced.
By analyzing these cases, we identified that these businesses include many risks for dealing with toxic substance, and that risk communications with local residents are important.
The risk management is necessary to reduce damages and troubles in the case of site restorations.

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This paper is on an application of duration concept used in financial bond analysis. It proposes to evaluate flow of maintenance cost of infrastructure. In general, value of cost flow in lifecycle is sensitive to discount rate. The paper then discusses duration can be an alternative indicator to show robustness of cost flow that is not influenced by the degree of discount rate. The paper finally shows a way of using duration for cost planning and management in the case that interest rate fluctuates in the future.

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The new values that NPM (New Public Management) advocates is VFM (Value for Money). VFM is often being used for the PFI now. However, all of public service correspond in the meaning of concept showing value (Value) to investment (Money). Public works are diversified, and have been complicated in recent years. The business loads of accountability and the employer responsibility, etc. show the tendency to increase by the employer who provides this public service. Then, the employer support system is examined. In this research, the location of Value Management (VM) and Asset Management (AM) in the employer support system is clarified. And, the ideal way of the employer support system smoothly to introduce and to execute VM and AM that is the employer supporting tool is discussed. And, the skill requested by the engineer will be examined in the future.

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The evaluation of the bidding system in general is bid rate index, because the successful bid is only regarded as decrease of bid price. However, if the quality of the bidder can not be evaluated, misbehavior of bidders will repeat.
This research aims at evaluating of bidding results and monitoring bidders by statistical analysis of bidding information of the public works. The autor analysed about 45000 cases of bidding results data disclosured by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport Shikoku regional development bureau and Tokushima-Prefecturein the fiscal year 2003.

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In this paper, we analyze the economic benefits of the deposit and subsidiary payment policy for infrastructure PFI (Private Finance Initiative) projects. One of the substantial charactersitics of infrastructure PFI projects is existence of externatiliy. SPC (Special Purpose Company) is interested in only their own cashflow. With considerable externality, a socially effcient project can be liquidated by them. In this case, deposit and compensation policy implemented by the government play a role in making an efficient project continue. Under the stochastic value of externality of a project, the policy which is a combination of deposit and subsidiary payment can improve efficiency of the project.

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Joint venture contracts for construction works are classified in two types; integrated JV and segregated JV. These two types of JV contracting have different structures regarding to profit, cost and risk sharing. In this paper, two models are proposed to analyze the impact of each type of contracting structure on the JV members' incentives regarding unverifiable investment (e.g. talented project manager and so on). Conclusively, under the integrated JV, if a sponsor company leading the whole activities undertaken by the JV exists, the economic efficiency is achieved. However, without a sponsor company, the integrated JV leads to inefficiency of works due tomoral hazard. Moreover, we show that segregated JV can lead to inefficiency due to moral hazard, if each company's liability for EOT (Extension of Time) is not well defined. We also analyze the effect of the liquidated damage rule for EOT (Extension of Time) on the economic efficiency of the JV project.

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NPO is focused on community development and management as a bearer of the role to reflect a wide range of citizen's needs on public service. However, the social system for citizen, NPO and administration to cooperate is not enough established, and it has several problems, based on difference in the ability of each NPO, or their management base is fragile, to supply of the public service steadily. This paper proposed that a new methodology for facilitating community development and management to get over those problems as a policy related to the Open- House. Our policy has the following five characteristics, which is (1) prescribed with the system;(2) 2 differentiated by requirement performance;(3) the effectiveuse of the existent facilities;(4) managed by NPO;(5) having a legal regulation

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Recently, the problem with sustaining local railroads has been actualized as deregulation concerning transportation advances. Moreover, this problem has a big influence on the local administration that faces budget deficit and the resident life that confronts an aging population. The number of railroad users is decreasing because the ratio of car user's is very high in the local city now, so it is doubtful whether the local rail transportation can continue. It goes without saying that the local railroad is one of the most important forms of transportation for the region, but the sizeable subsidy to the railway is a large encumbrance for the local government. Furthermore, the accountability is needed from the local government for such a subsidy delivery in recent years. For such a reason, in this research an economic value of the local railroad (Ueda-Bessio line) is estimated using the CVM and it's evaluated using this value.

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This study based on the Nepalese and Cambodian context investigates the necessity of integration of education system to industrial activities for improving socio-economic conditions in the least developed countries. Infrastructure and human resource development environment is very dismal in Nepal and Cambodia. The quality of human resources in infrastructure development is not compatible with the needs of the construction industry. Scanty fund and inappropriate education system in Nepal and Cambodia are investigated. Industrial needs oriented universities collaboration, and center of excellence and research approaches are discussed. Integrated construction management and civil engineering education to enhance the quality of human capital in the construction industry has been proposed.

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In the sphere of Project Management (PM) studies in Japan, PM techniques and systems have been steadily developed and mastered. However, study results on Project Managers, who lead PM engines, are limited in number yet. It is deemed that five resources of construction PM are men, money, material, technique and information. Project managers, such as construction site representatives, who manage those five resources, should be furnished with certain level of natures and abilities. This paper evaluated various factors necessary for Construction Project Managers' standing in light of natures and abilities in Japan, including opinionaire researches based upon specific hypotheses, and compiled significant findings and knowledges obtained herein.

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Our staffs of the prefectual ground completion division in Wakayama prefecture played training with Disaster Imagination Game from 2003. But this method is not enough to learn judgment withasenseofstrain. Soweintroduced the Choice Method Trainingfrom 2004.
We confirmed that, this method is effective to improve the ability of judgment at the emergency response. And we can use this method to estimate two points, that is, (1) the attainment of some trainings, (2) the ability of the organization.

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This paper describes the comparison of construction management of large scale offshore bridge project mainly between Seto Oohasi Bridge project, Golden Gate Bridge and San Francisco Oakland Bay Bridge, in order to study the effective construction management of domestic project in future. First the author explain outline of these projects. Then compare the construction period, cost and safety of these projects. And from the viewpoint of construction management, the author study magnitude and numbers of construction contract, and working period of owner's employee and keeping budget of project. From the study, many differences for these items are pointed out. These factors make construction period of Japanese construction project longer and keeping budget of the project is not easy compare to 2 projects in USA. From this study, effective construction management for the large scale bridge construction project in future is proposed.

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In recent years, in the local city suburban part in our country, it is hard to perform urbanization in an agricultural zone in order. Especially in the local city near a metropolis, with change of the land use by urbanization, the land that was farmland conventionally turns into the idle land, fallow land, unused land for low interest, which is accelerating reduction of an agrarian society. Formerly, to this problem, as part of agricultural structure improvement projects, we advanced local farmhouse participation type large-scale agricultural park development work, and have proceeded research about the city development for the agricultural area where from young to aged people can take part in the planning and its urbanization. On the other hand, in the problem of wastes processing system development of the target local city, the kitchen garbage has been taken up as a cause of reducing a processing efficiency. In this research, we decided to perform verification study of plan and system theory to compound development of the kitchen garbage processing facilities in the local public entity which puts both development plan subject side by side in an agricultural park in addition to city development of the country area ignited by the large-scale agricultural park development which follows the same flow as usual as research treated complexly. In addition, in planned examination of the kitchen garb age processing system complexly put together, a large-scale agricultural park and kitchen garbage processing facilities are considered that fixing complexly is desirable as an effective policy of agricultural promotion and the point reservation for compost facilities, system theory planned analysis for the most rational planned decision is conducted using a compound development plan model, and it has been verified efficiently.

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The index for the degree of the demand for concrete structures in each country with the different potential demand for concrete using the statistical data of consumption of cement was proposed. The index was defined as the ratio of the annual consumption of cement to the accumulated consumption of cement in each country and was named “Demand factor.” It was found that the demand factor has a strong relationship with the GDP per capita in each country.

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Consensus-building between each participant on road construction project is focused. However, The system in order to facilitate the processes reaching consensushas not been established yet. This paper researched a couple of different types of road construction projects, and considered about several factors influencing of process for consensus from some different viewpoints. It was found the following 2 knowledge:(1) five steps reaching consensus;(2) 4 factors influencing ofthat process, especially one of which is specific of project including dilemma arising from conflict of interest.

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New assessments ystem of a total consiructionc ost is proposed.This system can be applied to a decision-making in a planning stage of the constructionp roject. Total cost is quantitatively calculated as aggregate of equivalent public investment, social costs, life cycle assessment and economic effects.
Total costs of shield tunnel construction in deep ground and shield tunnel construction in shallowg round is simulated using the proposed system. Consequently an economicalvalue of the shield tunnel construction in deep ground is examined in detail, basedon the comparison between the cost of shield work in deep ground and in shallow ground

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This study aims to discuss a group of evaluation indices for the evaluation of the road construction and improvement that will be the most suitable ones for a region surrounding a local city. Toyota region is chosen as the objective region for case study as there are 8 interchanges of the expressways and is a typical local city of the motorized Japan.
The questionnaire survey and the hearing investigation were implemented for the related staff in the work office of Aichi Prefecture where Toyota region locates and in the public offices of the city/towns/villages in the region, who are charge for the road construction and improvemnets. At the same time, the questionnaire survey for the officers in the other departments/divisions of the all city/towns/villages including one city, five towns and three villages to reflect citizens' opinion and regional characteristic efficiently.
Further, the hearing to Toyota Motors Coporation which is the No.1 company in the region and the Prefecture's Society of Truck was executed to search for the sources of the goods distribution. That is because we thought theconsideration may not been covered by the various statistical materials only when describing the industrial characteristics of the Toyota region.

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[in Japanese]

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In this paper, the method to implement knowledge sharing is argued from the view point of “trigger for an action”.
Firstly, the process of the flow of knowledge and information through a local office is explained. The practical method to create the flow is suggested and it is applied to knowledge sharing inside a local office as a trial. It is deduced that the key issue of the method is how to trigger off knowledge sharing.
Based on the trial at a local office, it is empirically proved that this method is effective to create practical measures for knowledge sharing, through several meetings during about four months. The key factors to trigger off the implementation are 1) to define essential information clearly that flow inside a local office for its business and 2) to suggest easy solution which may be the first step of knowledge sharing inside that.
The next step of this study will be to pursue speedup of this method and to suggest effective measures to endure knowledge sharing.

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The renewal works for generator No.4 for the Tagokura hydropower plant is now underway. For this work, a generator and a turbine are replaced in order to improve the generator's reliability and electricity output. Process control is important because the off-generation period should be minimized or limited. In civil works, concrete surrounding a turbine is demolished and reconstructed after setting up a new turbine. Especially, concrete demolition works was a main part of civil works and occupied much term of construction. Therefore, progress control of concrete demolishing works was needed. This paper presents the sophisticated construction planning and procedure and the actual construction works.

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Claims are popular in construction industry of the US. However, few Japanese exercises real claims. Claims are not mere “complaints” nor “demands” for money increase. They are results of accumulated logical contract rights and a stock of proven contractual facts.
This paper attempts to contribute to verify how the claim can be initiated, processed and terminated. Also, various practical methods to resolve claims during and/or after the Contract are discussed.
Finally, the paper proposes what in Japanese Contractors shall be improved for them to accord with and compete to the U. S. Contractors.

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The time is right for Asset Management in public agencies. Increased demands on the nation's mature and deteriorating infrastructure system have presented a significant challenge to many agencies, especially where budget and personnel constraints force them to do more asset enhancement and preservation work with less staff and less money. Asset Management helps agencies identify ways to leverage their resources to respond to increasing system demands while maintaining adequate levels of service. It provides a means to prioritize requirements and allocate funds across different assets in the most cost-effective way.
This paper contributes to discuss substantial difference between maintenance and Asset Management particularly in terms of asset enhancement and attempts to prove Asset Management shall contain optional operations to enhance assets. From this standpoint, an approach to categorize asset valuation is also provided.

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This paper based on the Nepalese and Cambodian construction environment discusses some of the factors which affect the efficiency in project delivery system in the least developed countries. Only several infrastructure development projects were completed within the planned resources in the traditional project delivery system. In addition to the financial problem, lack of bridging the design and construction, inadequate construction management knowledge and skills in the construction engineers, and lack of appropriate human resource development system are the main reasons for poor performance of the Nepalese and Cambodian construction industry. Alternative project delivery systems are discussed and incorporation of the construction management system to improve the situation is proposed.

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Recently, companies are required to provide a comfortable working area for their workers. The place to take lunch for construction workers is discussed through the questionnaire. As a result of a survey of workers in the school buildings construction field, we make the following points to be important. 1. A micro wave oven to warm a delivery lunchbox is needed.2. Nutritional education to workers for health is needed. 3. Separate space for non-smokers is needed. Because some workers take break in their vehicles to avoid tobacco smoke. Also, some workers want to relax and listen to their radio in different area.

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In recent years, our country approaches aged society more rapidly compared with Western countries, and the efficient aged-welfare infrastructure improvement corresponding to the aged-people needs of “ diversification” and “ high level” is expected.
However, from now on, correspond to complicated aged-people's needs, a viewpoint is put on a healthy old man, new type aged-welfare facilities such as the rehabilitation which suppresses senility for sickness, and places which serve for hobbies, like flower and vegetable gardens and other communication are required.
Moreover, in the local city, it was necessary to apply the limited financ ial resources effectivelya nd to reduce cost. So, we considered utilizing the idle land, which is owned by the area for constructing aged-welfare facilities. So, in this research, the development design plan of the new mixed type aged-welfare facilities is proposed, which introduce many new facilities for health maintenance and communication in addition to the conventional aged-welfare facilities with the function of care and assistance of daily life, in order to use the idle land effectively and to respond to various new needs various of aged people. After all, we considered efficient operation and promotion of utilization are required in the recent economic conditions, and to improve the facilities by public establishment but private management method, when performing aged-welfare facilities development. Furthermore, we decided to examine Oiwake-town, Kusatsu-city using the mathematical model in order to show the actual verification of this research.

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China has been experiencing rapid transitions since economic reforms in 1978, the results of the reform have shown wide regional disparity. As China looks to sustain the past success of economic growth and poverty reduction in 21^st century, it needs to make major changes in its development strategy in order to fulfill its national development targets. This paper studies the economic development situation of eastern, central, western regions in China, and the functions of Chinese universities, which include education, research and contribution to the society. A new Chinese innovation system has been emerging in terms of university-run enterprise. In recent years, science parks, incubators, and high-tech development zones have been provided with strong incentives. The commitment of Chinese government to further introduce a market economy has been elaborated with a focus on the relations between university and industry. The operation mechanism of Chinese university-run enterprise has special characteristics, which are government support, relying on university, market mechanism, and industry movement. As human society enters the knowledge and information age, education is expected to play an increasingly important role and it gives driving force to regional economic development of China by using of the functions of university.

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Nippon Bunri University (NBU) has established “ Oita construction information management seminar” last year to bring up young civil engineers with IT skill. This organization is incooperation with the local construction company which introduces IT management strategy actively. Our main purposes are to develop an educational program including the budgeting, the cost and the time managements through IT based approach, and to educate college and high school students using this program, which belong to the department of civil engineering. This note introduces the efforts of this seminar and proposes an idea to develop the educational program that students are able to understand a relation between construction field and construction management through IT skill.

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